LIBRARY 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

SANTA  BARBARA 


PRESENTED  BY 
MRS.  NELLIE  R.  PREUSS 


I. 

THE  TREKS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 


THH  SHRUBS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 


THE  VINES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 
(In  preparation) 

IV. 
THE  LEAF-COLLECTOR'S  HAND-BOOK  AND  HERBARIUM 


THE   SHRUBS 


OF 


NORTHEASTERN    AMERICA 


CHARLES  S.  NEWHALL 
AUTHOR  OF  "THE  TREKS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA,"  ETC. 


G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 

NEW  YORK  LONDON 

WEST  TWENTY-THIRD   ST.  24   BEDFORD   ST.,    STRAND 

&jjr  IJniclurboekcr  |3rtsB 
1893 


COPYRIGHT,  1893 

BY 
CHARLES  S.  NEWHALL 


Electrotyped,  Printed,  and  Bound  by 

ttbe  fmicfterbocfccr  press,  Hew 
G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 


G>  K  •  LIBRARY 


THE  SHRUBS. 

'T  is  true,  among  the  brotherhood 
Of  regal  trees  that  hold  their  place 
Like  sceptred  kings,  you  have  no  rank, 
Dear  children  of  the  humbler  race. 


Instead  you  ever  seem  to  stand 
In  mute  appeal  for  love  and  care, 
With  offered  gifts  of  grace  and  bloom, 
In  lowly  places  everywhere. 


But,  children  of  the  humbler  race, 
'T  is  therefor  that  we  give  you  praise. 
You  give  your  souls  (your  flowers),  and  we 
Our  love,  through  all  the  changing  days. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS vii 

PREFACE .  xi 

LIST  OF  FAMILIES  AND  OF  GENERA     ....  13 

DIRECTIONS,  SIGNS  USED,  ETC 17 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SHRUBS  (by  Flower.     Natural  Arrange- 
ment.)          .......  19 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SHRUBS  (by  Leaf.)       ....  25 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SHRUBS  (by  Fruit.)      ....  29 

DESCRIPTION  OF  SHRUBS  (with  Illustrations.)      .        .  34-233 

Angiospermse,  mostly  with  Distinct  Petals  .  34-129 

"                   "            "      United         "       .  130-192 

"               with  Petals  Lacking       .         .  194-228 

Gymnospermae         ......  230-233 

SHRUBS  NOT  ELSEWHERE  NAMED        ....  233 

EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 236 

GLOSSARY 240 

LIST  OF  SHRUBS  WORTHY  OF  CULTIVATION       .        .  241 

INDEX  TO  THE  SHRUBS         .        .        .                .        .  243 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PACK 

Figure  i. — SHRUB  YELLOW-ROOT 35 

Figure  2. — SWEET-BAY 37 

Figure  3. — PAPAW 39 

Figure  4. — BARBERRY 41 

Figure  5. — HUDSONIA 41 

Figure  6. — ST.-PETER'S-WORT 43 

Figure  7. — SHRUBBY  ST.-JOHN'S-WORT 43 

Figure  8. — PRICKLY  ASH 49 

Figure  9. — HOP  TREE          .         .         .         .         .         ;        .         .  51 

Figure  10. — ILEX -53 

Figure  n. — WINTERBERRY 53 

Figure  12. — INKBERRY 55 

Figure  13 — MOUNTAIN  HOLLY 57 

Figure  14. — BURNING-BUSH 59 

Figure  15. — STRAWBERRY-BUSH 59 

Figure  16. — LANCE-LEAVED  BUCKTHORN 63 

Figure  17. — ALDER-LEAVED  BUCKTHORN 63 

Figure  18. — NARROW-LEAVED  CEANOTHUS        ....  65 

Figure  19. — NEW  JERSEY  TEA 65 

Figure  20. — MOUNTAIN  MAPLE 67 

Figure  21. — BLADDER-NUT 69 

Figure  22. — SMOOTH  SUMACH     .                  71 

Figure  23. — DWARF  SUMACH 71 

Figure  24. — POISON  SUMACH 75 


viii  Illustrations 

PAGE 

Figure  25. — POISON  IVY      ....  ...         77 

Figure  26. — SWEET  SUMACH        .         .         ...         .         .         .         77 

Figure  27. — FALSE  INDIGO 79 

Figure  28.— WILD  PLUM 83 

Figure  29. — BEACH  PLUM 83 

Figure  30. — SLOE  [P.  SPINOSA] 85 

Figure  31. — CHOKE-CHERRY 85 

Figure  32. — MEADOW-SWEET 87 

Figure  33.  — BIRCH-LEAVED  SPIRAEA 87 

Figure  34. — HARDHACK       .......  89 

Figure  35. — NINE-BARK 89 

Figure  36. — PURPLE-FLOWERING  RASPBERRY     ....         91 

Figure  37. — RED  RASPBERRY 93 

Figure  38. — BLACKCAP -95 

Figure  39. — BLAND  ROSE 99 

Figure  40. — CHOKKP.ERRY .101 

Figure  41. — DOGBERRY 101 

Figure  42. — WHITE  THORN          .......       105 

Figure  43. — BLACK  THORN 105 

Figure  44. — COCKSPUR  THORN 107 

Figure  45. — DWARF  THORN 107 

Figure  46. — JUNE-BERRY    .         .         ...         .         .         .         .       109 

Figure  47. — SWEET-SCENTED  SHRUB 109 

Figure  48. — WILD  HYDRANGEA 113 

Figure  49. — ITEA 115 

Figure  50. — PRICKLY  GOOSEBERRY      .         .         .         .         .         .115 

Figure  51. — SWAMP  GOOSEBERRY 117 

Figure  52. — WILD  RED  CURRANT       .         .         .         .         .         .117 

Figure  53. — WITCH-HAZEL 119 

Figure  54. — ANGELICA  TREE 123 

Figure  55. — ROUND-LEAVED  CORNEL          .  .  .125 

Figure  56. — COMMON  ELDER 131 

Figure  57. — HOBBLE-BUSH.         .         .         .         .         .  -MS 

Figure  58. — BUSH  CRANBERRY 137 

Figure  59. — MAPLE-LEAVED  ARROW- WOOD         .         .         .'        .       139 


Illustrations 


PAGE 


Figure  60. — ARROW-WOOD 141 

Figure  61. — DOWNY  ARROW-WOOD     .         .         .         .         .         .  141 

Figure  62. — WITHE-ROD  (V.  NIJDUM) 143 

Figure  63. — BLACK  HAW 143 

Figure  64. — SNOWBERRY 145 

Figure  65. — INDIAN  CURRANT .  145 

Figure  66. — FLY-HONEYSUCKLE 147 

Figure  67. — BUSH  HONEYSUCKLE 151 

Figure  68. — BUTTON-BUSH 153 

Figure  69. — GROUNDSEL  TREE 153 

Figure  70. — COMMON  BLACK  HUCKLEBERRY       ....  157 

Figure  71. — DANGLEBERRY         .         .         ...         .         .  157 

Figure  72. — SQUAW  HUCKLEBERRY 161 

Figure  73. — COMMON  Low  BLUEBERRY       .         .         .         .         .  161 

Figure  74. — COMMON  HIGH  BLUEBERRY 165 

Figure  75. — MARSH  ANDROMEDA 167 

Figure  76. — STAGGER-BUSH 167 

Figure  77. — PRIVET  ANDROMEDA 170 

Figure  78. — LEUCOTHOE 170 

Figure  79. — LEATHER-LEAF .  172 

Figure  80. — MOUNTAIN  LAUREL 175 

Figure  81. — SHEEP  LAUREL         . 177 

Figure  82. — CLAMMY  AZALEA 181 

Figure  83. — PURPLE  AZALEA 181 

Figure  84. — GREAT  LAUREL 183 

Figure  85. — RHODORA 183 

Figure  86. — LABRADOR  TEA 187 

Figure  87. — SWEET  PEPPER-BUSH 189 

Figure  88. — FRINGE-TREE '      .  191 

Figure  89.— SPICE-BUSH 195 

Figure  90. — LEATHERWOOD 197 

Figure  91. — SHEPHERDIA 197 

Figure  92. — AMERICAN  MISTLETOE 201 

Figure  93. — OIL-NUT  .         . 201 

Figure  94. — BAYBERRY 203 


Illustrations 


PAGE 


Figure  95. — SWEET-GALE 203 

Figure  96. — SWEET-FERN 203 

Figure  97. — Low  BIRCH 207 

Figure  98.— SMOOTH  ALDER 211 

Figure  99. — HAZEL-NUT 213 

Figure  100. — BEAKED  HAZEL-NUT 213 

Figure  101. — HORNBEAM    ........  215 

Figure  102. — DWARF  CHESTNUT  OAK 217 

Figure  103. — BEAR  OAK 217 

Figure  104. — DWARF  CHESTNUT         .         .         .         .         .         .219 

Figure  105. — LONG-LEAVED  WILLOW          .         .         .         .         .221 

Figure  106. — PRAIRIE  WILLOW 221 

Figure  107. — DWARF  GRAY  WILLOW           .....  221 

Figure  108. — SILKY  WILLOW 221 

Figure  109. — LONG-STALKED  GREEN  OSIER        ....  221 

Figure  no. — SAGE  WILLOW 225 

Figure  in. — HEART-LEAVED  WILLOW       .....  225 

Figure  1 12. — PEAR-LEAVED  WILLOW 225 

Figure  113. — SALIX  MYRTILLOIDES 225 

Figure  114. — BROOM  CROW-BERRY 227 

Figure  115. — COMMON  JUNIPER 231 

Figure  116. — AMERICAN  YEW 231 


PREFACE. 
I. 

"  C ,  now  that  you  have  finished  your  book  about 

the  trees,  I  wish  you  would  make  another,  this  time 
about  our  native  shrubs." 

-Why?" 

"  Partly  because  I  want  to  know  the  shrubs  as  I  have 
learned  to  know  the  trees,  and  partly  for  another  reason. 
You  remember  the  little  place  I  have  in  the  country?" 

"Yes,  a  pretty  place  that  could  be  made  prettier." 

"  Well,  I  had  thought  of  finding  a  gardener  and  telling 
him  to  stock  it  as  he  chose,  but  I  have  a  fancy  that  the 
result  would  be  better  every  way  if  I  and  the  children 
were  to  search  the  woods  and  so  stock  it  for  ourselves." 

"  And  you  want  me  to  help  you  in  your  miniature 
landscape  gardening." 

"  I  want  you  to  help  me  to  know  all  our  shrubs,  and 
among  them  to  know  the  best  for  the  garden  and  the 
lawn.  Will  you  ?  " 

'-'  Yes." 

II. 

In  the  introduction  to  The  Trees  of  Northeastern 
America,  I  referred  to  the  interest  which  one  who  visits 


xii  Preface 

the  woods  often  takes  in  personal  fellowship  with  the 
individual  trees.  He  is  not  satisfied  to  pass  through  a 
forest  or  a  field  as  one  might  walk  the  streets  of  a  crowded 
city — unacquainted.  His  mood  is  friendly  ;  therefore  he 
is  pleased  when  by  any  chance  he  can  know  the  trees  as 
friends,  in  their  home  life,  intimately  and  by  name. 

One  has  a  similar  feeling  toward  the  humbler  company 
of  the  shrubs. 

As  I  undertook  the  pleasant  work  of  introduction 
between  the  many  who  have  no  technical  botanical  knowl- 
edge and  my  friend  the  trees,  now  I  do  the  same  for 
them  and  my  friends  the  shrubs. 

III. 

The  shrubs  described  in  the  following  pages  are  those 
which  are  found  native  in  Canada  and  the  United  States 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  north  of  the  latitude  of 
Southern  Pennsylvania.  With  these  are  described  the 
more  important  of  the  introduced  and  naturalized  species. 

The  woody  vines  of  the  section  are  not  included. 
They  are  reserved  for  another  volume. 

I  am  glad  to  acknowledge  my  obligations  to  Dr. 
Thomas  Morong,  and  again  to  Professor  N.  L.  Britton 
of  Columbia  College.  Professor  Britton  has  very  kindly 
revised  the  nomenclature  of  the  shrubs.  For  the  localities 
I  have  chiefly  followed  Gray  and  Wood.  I  am  indebted 
also  to  the  works  of  Torrey,  Emerson,  Millspaugh, 
Meehan,  and  others. 


LIST  OF  FAMILIES  AND  OF  GENERA. 


Family    i.    RANUNCULACE;E    (Crowfoot 

Fam.) 
Family    2.     MAGNOLIACE^E     (Magnolia 

Fam.) 

Family  3.  ANONACE^E  (Papaw  Fam.) 
Family    4.     BERBERIDACE^     (Barberry 

Fam.) 

Family  5.  CISTACE^E  (Rock-rose  Fam.) 
Family  6.  HYPERICACE^E       (St-John's- 
wort  Fam.) 


Family  7.  RUTACE^E  (Rue  Fam.) 


Family  8. 


(Holly  Fam.) 


Family    9.     CELASTRACE^E     (Staff-tree 

Fam.) 
Family    10.    RHAMNACE^E    (Buckthorn 

Fam.) 


Family  n.  SAPINDACE^E 


Family    12     ANACARDIACE.E    (Sumach 

Fam.) 
Family  13.  LEGUMINOS^E  (Pulse  Fam.) 


Genus    Xanthorhiza    (Shrub 

Yellow-root. 
Genus  Magnolia  (Magnolia). 

Genus  Asimina  (Papaw). 
Genus  Berberis  (Barberry). 

Genus  Hudsonia(Hudsonia). 

Genus  AScyrum  (St.-Peter's- 
wort). 

Genus  Hypericum  (St.- 
John's-wort). 

Genus  Xanthoxylum  (Prickly 
Ash). 

Genus  Ptelea  (Shrubby  Tre- 
foil). 

Genus  Ilex  (Holly,  etc.). 

Genus  Nemopanthes  (Mt. 
Holly). 

Genus  Euonymus  (Burning- 
Bush.) 

Genus  Rhamnus  (Buck- 
thorns). 

Genus  Ceanothus  (New  Jer- 
sey Tea,  etc.). 

Genus  Acer  (Maple). 

Genus  Staphylea  (Bladder- 
nut). 

Genus  Rhus  (Sumachs). 

Genus  Amorpha,  (False 
Indigo). 


14        List  of  Families  and  of  Genera 


Family  14.   ROSACE*:  (Rose  Fam.) 


Family    15.    CALYCANTHACE/E     (Caly- 

canthus  Fam.) 
Family   16.    SAXIFRAGACE*:    (Saxifrage 

Fam.) 

Family     17.      HAMAMELfDE^E      (Witch 

Hazel   Fam.) 
Family  18.  ARALIACE*:  (Ginseng  Fam.) 

Family  19.  CORNACE*;  (Dogwood  Fam.) 

Family    20.     CAPRIFOLIACE*:     (Honey- 
suckle Fam.) 


Family  21.  RUBIACE^E  (Madder  Fam.) 

Family     22.     COMPOSITE     (Composite 
Fam.) 


Family  23.  ERICACE/E  (Heath  Fam.) 


Genus  Prunus  (Plum, 
Cherry). 

Genus  Spiraea  (Meadow- 
sweet, etc.). 

Genus  Physocarpus  (Nine- 
bark). 

Genus  Rubus  (Blackberry, 
etc.). 

Genus  Rosa  (Rose). 

Genus  Pyrus  (Chokeberry, 
etc.). 

Genus  Cratsegus  (Thorn, 
Haw). 

Genus  Amelanchior  ( fune- 
berry). 

Genus  Calycanthus  (Sweet- 
scented  Shrub). 

Genus  Hydrangea. 

Genus  itea. 

Genus  Ribes  (Currant,  etc.). 

Genus  Hamamelis  (Witch 
Hazel). 

Genus  Aralia  (Angelica 
Tree). 

Genus  Cornus  (Dogwoods  or 
Cornels). 

Genus  Sambucus  (Elders). 

Genus  Viburnum  (Arrow- 
woods,  etc.). 

Genus  Symphoricarpos 
(Snowberry,  etc.). 

Genus  Lonicera  (Fly-Honey- 
suckles). 

Genus  Diervilla  (Bush 
Honeysuckle). 

Genus  Cephalanthus  (But- 
ton-bush). 

Genus  Baccharis  (Groundsel 
Tree). 

Genus  Iva,  L.  (Marsh  Elder). 
Genus  Gaylussacia  (Huckle- 
berry). 


List  of  Families  and  of  Genera         1 5 


Family  23.    ERICACEAE  (Heath  Fam. 
Continued. 


Family  24.  OLEACE^E  (Olive  Fam.) 


Family  25. 
Family  26 

Fam.) 
Family  27 

Fam.) 
Family  28. 

Fam.) 
Family  29. 

Fam.) 
Family  30. 

Fam.) 
Family  31. 

Fam.) 


LAURACE^E  (Laurel  Fam.) 
THYMELACE^E     (Daphne 

EL.EAGNACEJE     (Oleaster 

LORANTHACEjE    (Mistletoe 

SANTALACE^E    (Sandalwood 
MYRICACE.E     (Sweet-Gale 
(Oak,    etc., 


Family  32.  SALICACE^E  (Willow  Fam.) 
Family  33.    EMPETRACE^E  (Crow-berry 
Fam.) 


Family  34.  CoNfFER.*  (Pine  Fam.) 


Genus  Vaccinium  (Blue- 
berry, etc.). 

Genus  Andromeda. 

Genus  Leucothoe. 

Genus  Cassandra. 

Genus  Kalmia  (Laurels,  etc.). 

Genus  Menziesia. 

Genus    Rhododendron 
(Azaleas,  etc.). 

Genus  Ledum  (Labrador 
Tea). 

Genus  Clethra  (Sweet  Pep- 
per-bush). 

Genus  Chionanthus  (Fringe 
Tree). 

Genus  Ligustrum  (Privet). 

Genus  Lindera  (Spice-bush). 

Genus  Dirca  (Leatherwood). 

Genus  Daphne  (Mezereum). 

Genus  Shepherdia. 

Genus    Phoradendron    (Am. 

Mistletoe). 
Genus  Pyrularia  (Oil-nut). 

Genus  Myrtca  (Bayberry, 
etc.). 

Genus  Betula  (Birches). 

Genus  Alnus  (Alders). 

Genus  Corylus  (Hazel-nuts). 

Genus  Carpmus  (Horn- 
beam). 

Genus  Quercus  (Oaks). 

Genus  Castanea  (Dwarf 
Chestnut). 

Genus  Salix  (Willows). 

Genus  Corema  (Broom 
Crow-berry). 

(renus  Empetrum  (Black 
Crow-berry). 

Genus  Juniperus  (Juniper). 

Genus  Taxus  (Am.  Yew). 


DIRECTIONS. 

NOTE  i.  The  place  of  any  given  specimen  can  be 
readily  found  by  help  of  one  or  more  of  the  three 
"Guides"  given  on  pages  i  to  10. 

The  first  Guide  is  arranged  for  use  with  the  flowers  ; 
the  second,  with  the  leaves ;  the  third,  with  the  fruit. 
Which  of  the  three  can  be  used  to  the  best  advantage 
will  depend  upon  the  time  of  year. 

The  descriptions  are  scientific  but  not  technical. 

NOTE  2.  In  describing  a  species,  the  general  items 
that  have  been  given  under  the  genus  or  the  family  to 
which  the  species  belongs  are  not  usually  repeated. 

NOTE  3.  In  using  the  Leaf  Guide  and  the  leaf  illustra- 
tions it  should  be  remembered  that  leaves  from  vigorous 
young  sprouts  are  not  usually  the  best  specimens.  It 
is  seldom  that  two  leaves,  even  upon  the- same  mature 
plant,  exactly  agree,  but  they  follow  the  type,  while  often 
the  younger  growth  varies  from  it. 

NOTE  4.  Those  species  are  considered  shrubs  (in  dis- 
tinction from  trees)  which,  as  the  rule,  do  not  spring  from 
the  ground  with  a  single  branching  trunk. 

NOTE  5.  Signs  used  :  A  grave  accent  (*)  over  a  vowel 
indicates  that  it  is  accented  and  long.  An  acute  accent 
(  ')  over  a  vowel  indicates  that  it  is  accented  and  short. 

Names  enclosed  in  brackets  indicate  that  the  shrub  is 
not  native. 


GUIDE  I. 

FLOWERS. 


Corolla  ("  crown  ")  =  the  circle 
of  petals. 


3.  Anther-  -  /' 

2.  Filament /-- ft  W----%6- Style 

i.  Stamen  {       ^7 \f          >  K*il 

^.  ^/.     5-  Seed-case 

8.  Receptacle 
frj.t. 

Calyx  ( ' '  cup  ")  =  the  circle  of  sepals. 


For  further  explanation  of  terms  see  Glossary,  page  240. 


CLASS  FIRST. — Young  seeds  enclosed  in  a  seed-case  (An- 
giospermse),  including  all  shrubs  excepting  those  of 
the  Pine  Family. 

DIVISION  I.     Sepals  and  petals  both  present,  the  latter  not  united  into 

one  piece  (Polypetalous). 

A.     Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  ten. 
i.     Sepals  attached  below  the  seed-case  or  cases. 

(a)  Seed-cases  numerous,  but  clinging  together  in  a  solid  mass 
on  a  lengthened  receptacle.  Blossoms  one  and  one-half 
inches  or  more  across.  Petals  and  sepals  colored  alike. 
Sweet-Bay  in  Magnolia  Fam.  No.  2  (Magnoliaceae), 
page  36. 
(a)  Seed-cases  numerous,  separate,  concealed  in  an  urn-shaped 

or  cup-shaped  receptacle. 

(£i)     Leaves   opposite,    entire.      Calycanthus    Fam.     No.    15 
(Calycanthaceae)  page  no. 


20  Guide 

{b]      Leaves  alternate,  toothed.      The  Rose  in  Rose  Fam.  No. 

14  (Rosaceae),  page  96. 

(a)     Seed-cases  more  than  one,  separate,  not  enclosed   in  the 
receptacle.       Rose   Fam.  (in   part)   No.    14  (Rosaceae), 
page  80,  seq. 
(a)     Pistil,  one. 

(<^)  Flowers  yellowish  ;  leaves  opposite,  edge  entire,  dotted 
(under  a  lens).  St.-John's-wort  Fam.  No.  6  (Hyperi- 
cacese),  page  44. 

(/')  Flowers  white  or  pinkish  ;  leaves  alternate,  toothed. 
Plums  and  Cherries  in  Rose  Fam.  No.  14  (Rosa- 
ceae), pages  80-84. 

(l>)     Flowers  bright-yellow,  small,  lasting  only  a  day  ;  leaves 
crowded,   scale-like    or   awl-shaped,    downy.      Hud- 
sonia  in  Rock-Rose  Fam.  No.  5  (Cistaceae),  page  42. 
2.     Sepals  attached  to  the  seed-case. 

(</)     Seed-case  ten-celled,   with  one  seed  in  each  cell.     Shad- 
bush  in  Rose  Fam.  No.  14  (Rosacese),  page  108. 
(a)     Seed-case    two-  to  five-celled.     Chokeberry  and    Haw    in 
Rose  Fam.  No.  14  (Rosaceae),  pages  100-104. 

B.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  to  them. 
(a)     Flowers  yellow  ;  seed-case  with  one  cell.     Barberry  Fam. 

No.  4  (Berberidaceae)  page  38. 

(a)     Flowers  greenish  ;  seed-case  with  two  to  four  cells.      Buck- 
thorn Fam.  No.  10  (Rhamnacese),  page  61. 

C.  Stamens,  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  ;   when  of 

just  the  number,  alternate  with  them. 
i.     Sepals  attached  below  the  seed-case  or  cases. 
(a)     Seed-cases,  two  or  more,  separate. 
(b}     Stamens  attached  to  the  receptacle. 

(c]     Flowers  greenish  or  whitish.     Rue   Fam.   No.  7   (Ru- 

taceae),  page  47. 
(c)     Flowers   brownish-purple.        Crowfoot     Fam.     No.    i 

(Ranunculaceae),  page  34. 
(6)     Stamens  attached  to  the  sepals.     Spiraea  in   Rose  Fam. 

No.  14  (Rosaceae),  page  86. 
(a)     Seed-case,  one. 

(b}     Seed-case  with  one  cell. 

(c)  Petal,  only  one  ;  flowers  violet  or  purple.  False 
Indigo  in  Pulse  Fam.  No.  13  (Leguminosae), 
page  78. 


Flowers  .21 

(c)  Petals,  five  and  equal  ;  flowers  greenish-white  or  yel- 
lowish ;  seed,  one.  Sumach  Fam.  No.  12  (Anacar- 
diaceae),  page  70. 

(f)     Petals,  five  and  equal,  but  lasting  only  for  a  day  ;  flowers 
light-yellow  ;  seeds,  several.     Hudsonia  in  Rock- 
Rose  Fam.  No.  5  (Cistacese),  page  42. 
(c]     Petals,  five  and  equal ;  flowers  white  ;  seeds,  several. 
Itea   in  Saxifrage    Fam.    No.    16    (Saxifragaceae), 
page  112. 
(£)     Seed-case  with  two  to  several  cells. 

(c)     Flowers  irregular.     Rhododendron  in  Heath  Fam.  No. 

23  (Ericaceae),  page  178. 
(c)     Flowers  regular. 

(d)  Stamens,  two  (early,  three  or  four)  ;  petals,  four, 
barely  united  at  base.  Fringe  Tree  in  Olive 
Fam.  No.  24  (Oleaceae),  page  190. 

(d)     Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals.     Maple  in 

Soapberry  Fam.  No.  n  (Sapindaceae),  page  66. 

(d)     Stamens  just  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 

(<?)     Seeds,  only  one  or  two  in  each  cell. 

(/)     Leaves  compound,  of  three  leaflets.     Hop  Tree 

in  Rue  Fam.  No.  7  (Rutaceae),  page  50. 
(/)     Leaves  simple. 

(g)     Sepals    not    minute.      Euonymus   in    Staff- 
Tree  Fam.  No.  9  (Celastraceae),  page  58. 
(g)     Sepals  minute.     Holly  Fam.    No.  8  (Ilici- 

neae),  page  50. 
(<?)     Seeds,  several  or  many  in  each  cell. 

(/)     Leaves  compound  and  opposite.     Bladder-Nut 
in    Soapberry  Fam.    No.   n   (Sapindaceae), 
page  68. 
(/)     Leaves  simple,  alternate. 

(g)     Edge   entire.     Ledum  in  Heath  Fam.  No. 

23  (Ericaceae),  page  186. 
(g-)     Edge-toothed.     Clethra  in  Heath  Fam.  No. 

•  23  (Ericaceae),  page  188. 

Sepals  attached  to  the  seed-case. 
(a)     Young  seeds,  more  than  one  in  each  cell. 

(Z>)  Seed-case  with  one  cell ;  leaves  alternate.  Currant  and 
Gooseberry  in  Saxifrage  Fam.  No.  16  (Saxifragaceae), 
page  114. 


22 


Guide 


(b)     Seed-case  with  two  to  several  cells  ;  leaves  opposite. 
(c]     Petals    rounded ;    stamens,    four   to    five,    very  short. 
Spindle-Tree   in   Staff-Tree    Fam.    No.    9   (Celas- 
traceae),  page  58. 

(c]     Petals    egg-shape ;    stamens,    eight    to    ten,    slender. 
Hydrangea  in  Saxifrage  Fam.  No.  16  (Saxifraga- 
cese),  page  in. 
(a)     Young  seeds,  only  one  in  each  cell. 

(&)     Stamens,  ten  or  five  ;   leaves  simple.     Cratsegus  in  Rose 

Fam.  No.  14  (Rosaces),  page  103. 
(b}     Stamens,    four  ;    flowers    dark-purple.     Spindle-Tree  in 

Staff-Tree  Fam.  No.  9  (Celastraceae),  page  58 
(/;)     Perfect    stamens,  four;    flowers    yellow.       Witch-Hazel 

Fam.  No.  17  (Hamamelideae),  page  118. 
(b}     Stamens,  four  ;  flowers  white.     Dogwood  Fam.   No.   19 

(Cornaceae),  page  124. 
(b}     Stamens,   five ;    leaves   compound.       Angelica   Tree    in 

Ginseng  Fam.   No.   18  (Araliaceae),  page  122. 

DIVISION  II.     Sepals  and  petals  both  present  ;  the  latter  more  or  less 
united  into  one  piece  (Gamopetalous). 

A.  Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  united  petals.     Heath  Fam. 

No.  23  (Ericaceae),  page  155. 

B.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  united  petals,  and  alternate 

with  them,  or  fewer. 

1.  Sepals  attached  to  the  seed-case. 

(a]  Flowers  in  few-  to  many-blossomed  heads,  tubular,  some 
with  stamens  only,  others  with  pistils  only  ;  leaves 
alternate,  or,  in  Iva,  the  lower  ones  opposite.  Iva  and 
Groundsel  Tree  in  Composite  Fam.  No.  22  (Com- 
positse),  page  154. 

(a)  Flowers  not  crowded  in  round  balls  ;  leaves  opposite. 
Honeysuckle  Fam.  No.  20  (Caprifoliaceae),  page  130. 

(a)  Flowers  crowded  in  round  balls  ;  leaves  opposite.  Button- 
bush  in  Madder  Fam.  No.  21  (Rubiaceae),  page  152. 

2.  Sepals  not  attached  to  the  seed-case. 

(a)     Corolla   somewhat    irregular.       Rhododendron    in    Heath 

Fam.  No.  23  (Ericaceae),    page  178. 
(a)     Corolla  regular. 

(b)     Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  united  petals. 

(c)     Stamens  free  from  the  petals  but  inserted  with  them  ; 
style  one.  Heath  Fam.  No.  23  (Ericaceae),  page  155. 


Flowers  23 

(c)  Stamens  attached  to  the  base  of  the  barely  united 
petals  ;  style  none  or  very  short.  Holly  Fam.  No. 
8  (Ilicineae),  page  50. 

(6)     Stamens  fewer  than  the  four  barely  united,  strap-like 
petals  (rarely  of  the  same  number).     Fringe  Tree  in 
Olive  Fam.  No.  24  (Oleacese),  page  190. 
DIVISION  III.     Petals  (and  sometimes  sepals)  wanting  (apetalous). 

A.  Flowers  not  in  slender,  drooping,  and  scaly  clusters,  nor  in  scaly 

heads. 
(a)     Seed-cases   three   to   five  and   separate.     Prickly  Ash   in 

Rue  Fam.  No.  7  (Rutacese),  page  47. 
(a)     Seed-case  one. 

(l>)     Sepals  attached  to  the  seed-case. 

(c)     Parasitic  on  the  branches  of  trees.     Mistletoe  Fam. 

No.  28  (Loranthaceas),  page  199. 

(f)  Not  parasitic  ;  flowers  small,  greenish,  in  short  spikes. 
Oil-Nut  in  Sandalwood  Fam.  No.  29  (Santala- 
cese),  page  200. 

(b}     Sepals  not  attached  to  the  seed-case,  but  surrounding  it ; 
flowers  small  yellowish  ;  leaves  scurfy.     Shepherdia 
in  Oleaster  Fam.  No.  27  (Elsagnacese),  page  198. 
(6)     Sepals  sometimes  wanting ;    when   present   plainly   not 

attached  to  the  seed-case. 
(c)     Young  seeds,  two  in  each  cell.     Maple  in  Soapberry 

Fam.  No.  n  (Sapindacese),  page  66. 
(c]     Young  seeds,  one  in  each  cell. 

(d}     Cells   of   seed-case   three  to  nine  ;   leaves  narrow, 
heath-like.     Crow-Berry    Fam.   No.   33  (Empe- 
traceae),  page  226. 
(d)     Cells  of  seed-case  three  ;  leaves  broad.     Buckthorn 

Fam.  No.  10  (Rhamnacese),  page  61. 
(d)     Cells  of  seed-case  one. 

(<?)  Flowers  light-yellow  ;  three  or  four  in  a  simple 
cluster.  Leatherwood  in  Daphne  Fam.  No.  26 
(Thymelacese),  page  196. 

(e)  Flowers  light-yellow,  many  in  a  compound  cluster. 
Spice-bush  in  Laurel  Fam.  No.  25  (Lauracese), 
page  194. 

B.  Rowers  in  slender,   drooping,   and  scaly  clusters,   or  in  scaly 

heads,  and  of  two    sorts,  with    stamens  only  (staminate), 
and  with  pistils  only  (pistillate). 


24  Guide 


(a]  Seed-cases  two-  to  seven-celled,  with  one  or  two  young 
seeds  in  each  cell  ;  in  fruit  one-celled  and  one-seeded  ; 
staminate  flowers  mostly  in  slender,  drooping,  and 
scaly  clusters.  Oak  Fam.  No.  31  (Cupuliferae)  page  206. 

(a)  Seed-case  one-celled  with  many  young  seeds  ;  in  fruit  one- 
celled  and  many-seeded  ;  staminate  and  pistillate 
flowers  mostly  in  lengthened  and  scaly  clusters.  Willow 
Fam.  No.  32  (Salicacese),  page  220. 

(a)  Seed-case  one-celled,  with  one  young  seed  ;  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers  mostly  in  scaly  heads  ;  leaves  fragrant 
when  crushed.  Sweet-Gale  Fam.  No.  30  (Myricaceae) 
page  202. 

CLASS  SECOND. — Young  seeds  not  enclosed  in  seed-cases  ; 
(Gymnospermae)  ;  leaves  needle-shaped  or  line-like. 
Juniper  and  Yew  in  Pine  Fam.  No.  34  (Coniferse) 
pages  230,  232. 


GUIDE  II. 

LEAVES. 

A.  Leaves  simple.* 

I.  Alternate. 

(a)     Edge  entire.     Go  to  i. 
(a)         "     toothed.     Go  to  2. 
(a)         "     lobed. 

(^)     Lobes  entire.     Go  to  3. 

(£)         "      toothed.     Go  to  4. 

II.  Opposite. 

(a)     Edge  entire.     Go  to  5. 
(a)         "     toothed.     Go  to  6. 
(a)         "     lobed. 

(b]     Lobes  entire.     Go  to  7. 

(b}         "      toothed.     Go  to  8. 

III.  Indeterminate  (because  of  smallness  or  closeness).     Go  to  9. 

B.  Leaves  compound. 

I.  Feather-shaped. 
(a)     Alternate. 

(b)     Edge  of  leaflets  entire.     Go  to  10. 
(b}         "  "        toothed.     Go  to  n. 

(a)     Opposite. 

(b)     Edge  of  leaflets  entire.     Go  to  12. 
(b]         "  "         toothed.     Go  to  13. 

II.  Hand-shaped.     Go  to  14. 

*  The  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  can  be  distinguished  from  a  simple  leaf  by  the 
absence  of  leaf- buds  from  the  base  of  their  stems. 


26 


Guide 

GUIDE   II. 

LEAVES —  Continued. 


XOTE. Names  in   italics   are   also   given   elsewhere    under    the    more    frequent 


form. 


Sweet-Bay,  page  36. 

Fapaw,  page  38. 

Mountain  Holly,  page  56. 

Cornel,  alternate  leaves,  page  127. 

Groundsel  Tree,  page  154. 

Genus  Gaylussacia  (Huckleberries 
and  Dangleberries),  excepting 
Box  Huckleberry,  page  204. 

Genus  Vaccinium  (Blueberries  and 
Bilberries),  excepting  Dwarf 
Blueberry  and  some  Bilberries, 
page  162. 

Genus  Andromeda,  page  166. 

Leather-leaf,  page  171. 

Mountain  Laurel,  page  174. 

Genus  Rhododendron  (Azaleas, 
etc.),  excepting  Sweet  Pepper- 
bush,  page  182. 

Leatherwood,  page  196. 

Daphne,  page  198. 

Shepherdia,  page  198. 

Buffalo-Nut,  page  200. 

Bayberry,  page  202. 

Willows  in  part,  page  220. 


Barberry  (thorny),  page  38. 
Ilex  monticola,  G.,  page  52. 
Winterberry,  page  52. 
Inkberry  (toothed    toward   apex), 
page  54. 


Mt.  Holly,  page  56. 

Buckthorns,  page  61. 

New  Jersey  Tea  (strongly  three- 
ribbed),  page  64 

Ceanothus,  narrow-leaved  (strong- 
ly three-ribbed),  page  64. 

Genus  Prunus  (Plum,  Cherry,  etc.), 
page  81. 

Genus  Spiraea  (Spiraeas),  page 
86. 

Genus  Pyrus  (Chokeberry,  etc.), 
page  TOO. 

Genus  Crataegus  in  part  (Thorns), 
page  104. 

Genus  Amelanchier  (Shad-bush), 
page  108. 

Itea,  page  112. 

Witch-Hazel  (teeth  large  and 
rounded),  page  118. 

Groundsel  Tree  (teeth  large  and 
remote),  page  154. 

Dwarf  Huckleberry,  page  158. 

Box  Huckleberry,  page  159. 

Dwarf  Blueberry  and  var.,  page  162. 

Lo-ii  Blueberry,  page  163. 

Some  Bilberries,  page  164. 

Privet  Andromeda,  page  169. 

Leucothoe,  page  169. 

Leather- Leaf  ,  page  171. 

Sweet  Pepper-Bush,  page  188. 

Spice-Bush,  page  194. 

Genus  Myrica  (Sweet  Fern,  etc., 
foliage  fragrant),  page  205. 


Leaves 


Family  Cupuliferse  (Birch,  Alder, 
Hazel-nut,  Hornbeam,  Oak, 
Chestnut),  except  Bear  Oak, 
page  206. 

Willows  in  part,  page  220. 


Oak,  Bear,  page  218. 


Sweet-scented  Shrub,  page  no. 

Hydrangea,  page  in. 

Hobble-Bush,  page  134. 

Genus  Viburnum,  in  part  (Downy 
Viburnum,  Arrow-wood,  Soft 
Vibiirnum,  Black  Haw,  V.  nb- 
dum,  V.  cassinbides},  page  140. 

Bush  Honeysuckle,  page  150. 

Marsh  Elder,  page  154. 


Nine-bark,  page  88. 
Raspberry,  Flowering,  page  90. 
Genus  Crataegus  (in  part  Thorns), 

page  104. 
Genus  Ribes  (Gooseberries),  page 

114. 


St.-John's-worts  (leaves    minutely 

dotted)  page  44. 
Genus  Cornus  (Cornels)  excepting 

C.  alternifolia,  page  126. 
Viburnum  nudum,  page  140. 

''          cassinoides,  page    142. 
Snowberry,  page  144. 
Wolfberry,  page  144. 
Indian  Currant,  page  146. 
Genus    Lonicera   (Honeysuckles), 

page  148 

Button-Bush,  page  152. 
Genus  Kalmia(  Laurels),  page  174. 
Fringe-Tree,  page  190. 
Privet,  page  190. 
Mistletoe,  page  199. 
Juniper   (in  threes,    needle-like), 

page  230 


Burning-Bush,  page  58. 
Strawberry-Bush,  page  60. 


Sweet  Fern,  page  205. 


Mt.  Maple,  page  66. 

Genus  Viburnum  in  part  (Cran- 
berry Tree,  Dockmackie,  Few- 
flowered  Viburnum),  page  134. 


Hudsonias,  page  42. 

Broom  Crow-Berry,  page  226. 

Black  Crow-Berry,  page  228. 

Juniper,  page  230. 

Yew,  American,  page  232. 


Prickly  Ash,  page  47. 
Trefoil  Shrubby,  page  50. 
Ivy,  Poison,  page  76. 
Indigo,  False,  page  78. 
Lead  Plant,  page  78. 

ir 

Shrub  Yellow-Root,  page  34. 
Prickly  Ash,  page  47. 
Trefoil  Shrubby,  page  50. 
Sumachs,  page  70. 
Ivy  Poison,  page  76. 


Guide 


Genus  Rubus  (Raspberries,  Black-  13 

berries,  etc.),  except  Flow 

Raspberry,  page  92. 
Genus  Rosa  (Rose),  -page  98. 


berries,  etc.),  except  Flowering  XT      , 

Bladder-Nut  (three  leaflets),  page 
Raspberry,  page  92. 


Elders,  page  130. 
Angelica  Tree,  page  122 


14 


GUIDE  III. 

FRUIT. 

CLASS  I. — Fruit  releasing  the  ripened  seed  by  decaying : 

A.  Fleshy  or  pulpy,  with  one  or  more  seeds. 

(a)  Seeds,  two  or  more,  and  in  distinct  cells  (Apple,  Shad- 
bush).  A  pome.  Go  to  i. 

(a)  Seed,  one  to  many,  not  in  distinct  cells  (Huckleberry). 
A  berry.  Go  to  2. 

B.  Fleshy  (or  sometimes  nearly  dry),  with  one  or  more  "  stones." 

A  drupe  or  an  etaerio. 
(a)     Solitary,  with  one  or  in  Papaw  with  several  large  stones 

(Cherry,  Papaw).     Go  to  3. 
(a)     Solitary,  with  one  to  several  small   stones  (Sumach).       Go 

to  4. 
(a]     Clustered  on  one  receptacle,  each  drupelet  with  one  small 

stone  (Raspberry).     Go  to  5. 

C.  Not    fleshy,    with    one    or    in    the    "samara"    sometimes    two 

ripened  seeds 
(a)     The  coat  dry,  tipped  with  the  remains  of  the  style,  and  free 

from    but     enclosing  its  one    small    seed  (Groundsel 

Tree).     An  achenium.     Go  to  6. 
(a)     The  coat,  a  thin  membrane  forming  a  "  wing  "  around  or 

at  the  sides  of  the  fruit  (Trefoil  Maple).     A  samara. 

Go  to  7. 
(a]     The  coat  a  cup,  a  wrap,  or   a   scale   (Acorn,  Hazel-nut, 

Alder).     A  glans,  a  nut,  or  a  nutlet.     Go  to  8. 
29 


Guide 


CLASS  II. — Fruit    releasing    the    ripened    seeds  by  split- 
ting : 

(a)  Splitting  on  one  side,  one-celled  (Spiraea,  Shrub  Yellow- 
Root).  A  follicle.  Go  to  9. 

(a)  Splitting  on  two  sides,  one-celled,  with  seeds  in  one  row 
(False  Indigo).  A  legume.  Go  to  10. 

(a]  Any  form  of  dry  fruit  that  splits  up  and  down,  and  is  not 
otherwise  named.  A  capsule.  Go  to  n. 

(a)  A  cone-shaped  aggregation  of  capsules  (Sweet-Bay).  A 
cone  of  capsules.  Go  to  12. 

NOTE. — Names  in  italics  are  repetitions  made  because  of  real  or  apparent  resem- 
blance to  the  class  with  which  they  are  placed. 

i  Deerberry     (many-seeded),     page 

160. 

Bilberries  (many-seeded)  page  164. 
Privet  (two  to  four-seeded)  page 

190. 

Shepherdia  (one  seed),  page  198. 
Mistletoe  (one  seed),  page  199. 
Yew  (red,  one  seed),  page  232. 
Juniper  (one  to  three  seeds)  page 

230. 


Roses   (apparently    pomes,    really 

acheniums),  page  80. 
Chokeberry,  page  100. 
Dogberry,  page  102. 
Thorns  (Cratsegus),  page  104. 
Shad-Bush,  page  108. 
Sweet-scented  Shrub,  page  no. 


Barberry  (oblong,  red,  one  to  few- 
seeded),  page  38. 

Gooseberries,  page  114. 

Currants,  page  118. 

Elders  (three-seeded),  page  130. 

Snowberries  (snow  -  white,  two- 
seeded),  page  144. 

Wolfberry  (white,  two-seeded, 
page  144. 

Indian  Currant  (dark-red,  two- 
seeded),  page  146. 

Fly  Honeysuckles  (several  seeded), 
page  146. 

Huckleberries  (ten-seeded),  page 
156. 

Blueberries  (many-seeded),  page 
162. 


Papaw,  page  38. 
Plums,  page  81. 
Choke-Cherry,  page  84. 
Viburnums,  page  136. 
Fringe- Tree,  page  190. 
Spice-Bush,  page  194. 
Leatherwood,  page  196. 
Daphne,  page  198. 
Buffalo-Nut,  page  200. 


Ilexes  (stones  four  to  eight),  page 

54- 

Mt.    Holly   (stones   four   to   five), 
page  56. 


Fruit 


Buckthorns  (stones  two  to  three), 

page  6 1. 

Sumachs  (stone  one)page  70. 
Ivies  (stone  one)  page  76. 
Thorns  (Cratsegus,  stones  one  to 

five),  page  104. 
Angelica  Tree  (stones  five),  page 

122. 

Dogwoods  (Cornels,  stones  two), 

page  126. 

Viburnums  (stone  one),  page  134. 
Fringe-Tree  (stone  one),  page  190. 
Mistletoe  (stone  one),  page  199. 
Sweet-Gale  (stone  one),  page  204. 
Bayberry  (stone  one),  page  202. 
Sweet-Fern  (stone  one),  page  205. 
Broom  Crow-Berry  (minute  stones 

three  to  four),  page  226. 
Black  Crow-Berry   (stones   six  to 

nine),  page,  228. 
American  Yew   (red,  stone  one), 

page  232. 


Raspberries,  page  90. 
Thimbleberry,  page  92. 
Blackberries,  page  94. 


Roses  (apparently  a  pome),  page 

80. 
Sweet-scented  Shrub    (apparently 

a  pome),  page  no. 
Marsh  Elder,  page  154. 
Groundsel  Tree,  page  154. 
Shepherdia  (apparently  a  berry), 

page  198. 

7 

Shrubby  Trefoil,  page  50. 
Mountain  Maple,  page  60. 


8 

Birches   (scale-like  nutlets),  page 

206. 
Alders    (scale-like    nutlets),    page 

209. 

Hazel-nuts,  page  212. 
Hornbeam,  page  214. 
Oak,  page  206. 
Dwarf  Chestnut,  page  218. 


Shrub,  Yellow-Root,  page  34. 
Spiraeas,  page  86. 
Nine-Bark,  page  88. 


Hudsonias    (two    to    six-seeded), 

page  42. 
Prickly  Ash  (one  to  two-seeded), 

page  47. 
False   Indigo   (two-seeded),  page 

78. 
Lead-Plant  (one-seeded),  page  78. 


St.-John's-worts  (one  to  five-celled, 
many-seeded),  page  44. 

Prickly  Ask,  (one-celled,  one  to 
two-seeded),  page  47. 

Burning-Bush  (three  to  five-celled, 
few-seeded),  page  58. 

Strawberry-Bush  (three  to  five- 
celled,  few-seeded),  page  60. 

Bladder-Nut  (three-celled,  three  to 
twelve-seeded),  page  68. 

New  Jersey  Tea  (three-celled, 
three-seeded),  page  64. 

Narrow-leaved  Ceanothus  (three- 
celled,  three-seeded),  page  64. 


Guide 


Wild  Hydrangea  (two-beaked, 
two-celled  in  lower  part,  many- 
seeded),  page  in. 

Itea  (two-celled,  eight  to  twelve- 
seeded),  page  112. 

Witch-hazel  (two-celled,  two- 
seeded),  page  118. 

Bush  Honeysuckle  (two,  appar- 
ently four-celled,  many-seeded), 
page  150. 

Button-Bush  (two-  to  four-celled, 
two-  to  four-seeded),  page  152. 

Andromedas  (five-celled,  many- 
seeded),  page  166. 

Leucothoe  (five-celled,  many- 
seeded),  page  169. 


Leather-Leaf,  five-celled,  many- 
seeded)  page  171. 

Laurels  (Kalmia,  five-celled,  many- 
seeded),  page  174. 

Rhododendrons  (five-celled,  many- 
seeded),  page  182. 

Labrador  Tea  (five-celled,  many- 
seeded),  page  186. 

Sweet  Pepper-Bush  (three-celled, 
many-seeded),  page  188. 

Willows  (one-celled, many-seeded), 
page  220. 


Sweet-Bay,  page  36. 


DESCRIPTION   OF  SHRUBS 

(  With  Illustrations) 


CLASS  FIRST 

(Angiospernuz) 


Division  I 

PETALS   MOSTLY   NOT    UNITED 

(Polypetalous} 


33 


i.   Family  RANUNCULACE^.     (Crowfoot    Fam.) 
Genus  XANTHORHIZA.      (Marshall.) 

From   two   Greek   words   meaning    "  yellow  "    and   "  root." 

Fig.  i. — Shrub  Yellow-Root.     X.  apiifblia,  L'Hcr. 

Flowers,  small,  dark  purple,  in  slender  drooping  clusters, 
appearing  with  the  leaves.  Petals,  five,  not  united, 
much  smaller  than  the  five  sepals,  slightly  two-lobed, 
raised  on  a  claw.  Stamens,  five  to  ten.  Seed-cases, 
free  from  the  sepals. 

Leaves,  once  or  twice  compound  (odd-feathered).  Leaflets, 
three  to  five,  stemless,  lobed  and  toothed,  and  two  to 
three  inches  in  length. 

Bark  and  Roots,  bitter,  deep  yellow. 

Fruit,  in  clusters,  oblong,  one-celled,  one-seeded  ;  splitting 
once  lengthwise ;  about  one  eighth  of  an  inch  long  ; 
a  follicle. 

Found,  along  shady  banks  of  streams  in  Pennsylvania 
Southwestern  New  York,  and  Kentucky,  and  south- 
ward among  the  mountains. 

A  bushy  plant,  two  to  three  feet  high.     A  yellow  dye 
is  made  from  its  roots. 

34 


Fig.  i.— Shrub    Yellow-Root.     (Xanthorhiza     apiifdlia,    L'Her.)    Leaf,   and 
spray  of  flowers  with  young  leaf. 


36  Magnolia  (Magnoliacece) 

2.   Family  MAGNOLlACE^.      (Magnolia  Fam.) 
Genus  MAGNOLIA,  L.      (Magnolia.) 

From  "  Magnol,"  the  name  of  a  botanist  of  the  iyth  century. 

Fig.  2. — Sweet-Bay.     Swamp  Laurel.     Small  Magnolia. 

M.  Virginiana,  L.     ( M.  glauca,  L.) 

Flowers,  solitary,  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  two  to 
three  inches  across,  white,  very  fragrant.  Petals,  six 
to  nine,  not  united.  Sepals,  three,  colored  like  the 
petals.  Stamens,  more  than  ten.  Seed-cases,  many, 
free  from  the  sepals,  mostly  clinging  together  over 
the  lengthened  receptacle.  June  to  August. 
Leaves,  three  to  six  inches  long,  simple,  alternate,  edge 
entire,  thick  and  smooth,  dark-green  and  polished 
above,  white  below,  the  mid-vein  green  and  distinct, 
the  side  veins  indistinct. 

Bark,  smoothish,  light-gray,  aromatic,  and  bitter. 
Fruit,  an  oblong  cone,  fleshy  or  somewhat  woody,  red. 
When  mature  the  cells  of  this  "  cone"  split,  and  the 
enclosed  bright-red  seeds  (one  or  two  to  each  cell) 
drop    out    and    hang    suspended    by    delicate    spiral 
threads.      An  aggregation  of  capsules.      September. 
Found,  in  swampy  ground,  from  Massachusetts  southward, 

oftenest  near  the  coast. 

A  bush,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree,  four  to  twenty-five 
feet  high.  Southward  it  is  often  still  higher,  and  its 
leaves  are  evergreen.  All  parts  of  the  bush,  as  in  the 
other  magnolias,  have  an  intensely  bitter  aromatic  juice. 
"  The  fresh  bark  has  long  been  considered  as  a  bitter, 
aromatic  tonic  and  gentle  laxative."  "  The  bark,  cones,  and 
seeds  have  been  used  medicinally  from  the  time  of  the 
aborigines,  especially  against  rheumatism  and  as  an  anti- 
periodic."  In  wet  ground  it  can  be  successfully  cultivated. 


!Lo.j 

Fig.  2.— Sweet-Bay.     (M.  Virginiana,  L.)    (a)  Flower.     (6)  Fruit. 


3&  Papaw  (  Anonacece) 

3.   Family  ANONACE/E.     (Papaw  Fam.) 

Genus  ASIMINA,  ADAMS.     (Papaw.) 
Fig.  3. — Papaw  Custard- Apple.    A.  triloba  ( L.),  Dunal. 

Flowers,  one  and  a  half  inches  across  ;  dull  purple,  in 
drooping  clusters,  appearing  with  the  leaves.  Petals, 
six,  thick,  in  two  rows,  not  united.  Sepals,  three. 
Stamens,  numerous  in  a  rounded  mass.  Seed-cases, 
few,  free  from  the  sepals.  March,  April. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  edge  entire,  five  to  ten  inches 
long,  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed  or  some- 
times rounded.  Base,  taper-pointed,  or  slightly 
rounded  ;  thin,  rusty-downy  when  young,  soon  be- 
coming smooth  and  polished. 

Bark,  silvery-gray,  smooth  and  polished  ;  young  shoots 
downy. 

Fruit,  about  three  inches  long  by  one  and  one  half  inches 
thick,  egg-shape,  yellow,  pulpy,  about  ten-seeded  ;  of 
disagreeable  odor  when  green  ;  sweet  and  edible  after 
frost,  when  it  turns  black  without  and  within,  and 
becomes  in  color  and  consistency  almost  custard- 
like.  October. 

Found,  from  western  New  York  to  Southern  Iowa,  and 
southward. 

A  bush  or  small  tree  of  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised  ; 
densely  clothed  with  long  leaves. 

4.   Family  BERBERIDACE^.      (Barberry  Fam.) 
Genus  BERBERIS,  L.     (Barberry.) 

From  the  Arabic  name  of  the  fruit. 

Fig.  4. — Barberry.     B.  vulgaris,  L. 

Flowers,  yellow,  drooping,  in  many-blossomed  clusters. 
Petals,  six,  not  united,  reverse  egg-shape,  concave, 


Fig.  3.— Papaw.      A.  triloba  (L.),  Dunal. 
39  (a)  Flower.        (i>)  Fruit,    two-thirds   natural   si 


40  Barberry  (  Berberidacece) 

with  two  glandular  spots  on  the  inside  of  each  near 
the  base.  Sepals,  six  (with  two  to  six  small  bracts 
beneath),  rounded,  attached  beneath  the  seed-case. 
Stamens,  six,  irritable,  opposite  the  petals.  Seed- 
case,  one,  free.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  simple,   alternate  or  often   clustered  in   rosettes  ; 
edge  finely  toothed,  each  tooth  tipped  with  a  delicate 
bristle  ;  sour.     On  the  new  shoots  the  leaves  often 
take  the  form  of  branching  spines. 
Wood  and  inner  bark  yellow. 

Fruit,  in  drooping  clusters,  scarlet,  oblong,  with  one  to 
few  seeds  ;  edible,  but  too  acid  to  be  agreeable  ex- 
cepting in  "preserve";  a  berry.  September. 
Found  in  thickets  in  fields  and  along  roadsides  ;  abun- 
dantly in  New  England,  where  it  has  become 
thoroughly  naturalized  since  its  introduction  from 
Europe,  less  commonly  elsewhere. 

A  curious  thorny  bush,  three  to  eight  feet  high,  with 
bluish-green  foliage,  attractive  in  flower  and  more  attrac- 
tive in  fruit.  The  bark  and  roots,  used  with  alum,  yield 
a  yellow  dye. 

In  some  regions,  an  old  opinion  is  said  still  to  linger, 
— that  the  presence  of  the  barberry  causes  blight  in  the 
grain  field. 

There  is  a  curious  fact  reported  concerning  the  flowers 
which  is  suggestive  of  human  nerves.  When  not  "  doc- 
tored," the  least  touch  upon  one  of  their  stamens  will 
cause  it  to  spring  like  a  tiny  thread  of  steel,  but  treat  the 
bush  with  laudanum  or  any  opiate  and  the  stamens  be- 
come limp,  or  with  a  poison  like  arsenic  and  they  become 
rigid,  as  wholly  irresponsive  in  either  case  as  would  be  a 
human  nerve. 


(CL) 


Fig.  4. — Barberry.     (B.  vulgaris,  L.)     (rf)  Fruit. 

Fig.  5.— Hudsonia.    (H.  tomentdsa,  Nutt.)   (a)- Flowering  branch.    (/>)  Section  of 
flower,  enlarged. 


42  Rock-rose  (Cistacece) 

The  peculiar  spring  arrangement  of  the  stamens  helps 
to  secure  the  desirable  cross-fertilization  of  the  flower. 
The  honey  being  between  the  base  of  the  stamens 
and  the  seed-case,  when  an  insect  in  searching  for  the 
sweets  touches  a  stamen  he  "springs"  it.  Thereupon  he 
receives  a  smart  rap  and  a  dusting  from  the  pollen-covered 
anther,  and  so  is  frightened  away  to  other  flowers. 

5.   Family  CISTACE^.      (Rock-rose  Fam.) 
Genus  HUDSONIA,  L.     (Hudsonia.) 

From  the  name  of  an  early  English  botanist. 
Fig.  5. — Hudsonia.     H.  tomentbsa,  Nutt. 

Flowers,  bright-yellow,  small,  with  stalks  sometimes  pres- 
ent and  short,  but  usually  wanting,  crowded  along 
the  upper  parts  of  the  branches.  Petals,  five,  not 
united,  lasting  only  for  a  day.  Sepals,  five,  two  of 
them  minute,  and  all  of  them  much  smaller  than  the 
petals.  Stamens,  nine  to  thirty.  Style,  long  and 
slender.  Seed-case,  one,  free,  with  one  cell  and  two 
to  six  seeds.  May  to  June. 

Leaves,  scale-like,  about  one  twelfth  of  an  inch  long, 
closely  pressed  to  the  branches  and  covering  them, 
downy  and  whitish. 

Fruit,  oblong,  one-celled,  two-  to  six-seeded,  enclosed  in 
the  calyx.  A  pod. 

Found,  on  sandy  shores  from  Maine  to  Maryland  and  along 
the  great  lakes  westward  to  Minnesota. 

A  very  bushy  heath-like  little  shrub,  usually  less  than 
one  foot  high,  and  oftenest  found  growing  in  thick,  matted 
patches. 


Fig.  6.— St.-Peter's-wort.     (A.  stans,  Michx.) 
Fig.  7. — Shrubby  St.-John's-wort,  L.     (Hypericum  prolificum,  L.) 


44        St. -Johns-wort  (  Hypencacecc) 

Hudsonia.     H.  ericbides,  L. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  these 
items  : 
Flowers,  on  smooth  slender  stalks. 

Leaves,  greenish,  one  sixth  to  one  third  of  an  inch  long, 
and  spreading  from  the  branch. 

Found,  along  the  coast  from  Maine  to  Virginia. 
6.   Family  HYPERICACE/E.     (St-John's-wort  Fam.) 

Flowers,  yellow.  Petals,  four  or  five,  not  united.  Sepals,  four  or  five. 
Stamens,  many.  Seed-case,  one,  free,  one-  to  five-celled  ;  many- 
seeded. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  dotted  when  held  to  the  light  or  under 
the  lens.  Stipules,  none. 

Fruit,  dry,  one-  to  five-celled,  splitting  lengthwise,  a  many-seeded 
capsule. 

A  GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Petals,  four  ;  Sepals  four,  in  very  unequal  pairs,     (i)  Ascyrum  (St.  Peter's-wort.) 
"        five  ;       "        five,  alike  (2)  Hypericum  (St.  John's-wort. 

(i)   Genus  ASCYRUM,  L.      (St.  Peter's-wort.) 

From  two  Greek  terms  meaning  "  without  "  and  "  roughness." 

Fig.  6. — St.-Peter's-wort.    A.  stans,  Michx. 

Flowers,  usually  three  together,  showy,  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches.  Petals,  reverse  egg-shape  ;  the  two  larger 
sepals  round,  about  one  half  inch  across  ;  the  smaller 
ones  lance-shaped.  Styles,  three  or  four.  Seed-case, 
with  one  cell.  June  to  August  : 

Leaves,  ten  twelfths  to  one  and  one  fourth  inches  long, 
one  third  as  wide,  stemless,  rather  thick,  oval  or  ob- 
long, somewhat  clasping  around  the  branch. 


St. -John '  s-wort  ( Hypericacece)         45 

Branches,  two-edged,  erect. 

Fruit,  splitting  into  two  to  four  pieces. 

Found,  in  pine  barrens  from  Long  Island  to  Pennsylvania 
and  southward. 

A  small,  stout  shrub,  with  stem  erect  and  straight,  one 
to  two  feet  high,  and  branching  above. 

Saint  Andrew's  Cross.     A.  Crux- Andrea,  L. 
Flowers,  one  to  three  in  a  leafy  cluster  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches.     Petals,  oblong.       Outer  sepals,  oval  and 
twice  as    long    as   the    flower-stem,    the    inner   ones 
minute.      Styles,  two.      Seed-case,  with  one  cell. 

Leaves,  one  half  to  one  inch  long,  stemless,  thin,  narrowly 
reverse  egg-shape,  narrowed  to  the  base.  Branches 
two-edged  toward  their  ends,  drooping. 

Fruit,  splitting  into  two  to  four  pieces. 

Found,  in  Nantucket,  and  from  the  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey  westward  and  southward. 

A  drooping  shrub,  one  to  two  feet  high,  with  many 
branches. 

(2)  Genus  HYPERICUM,  Tourn.     (St.-John's-wort.) 

In  the  old  mythology  the  St.-John's-wort  was  dedicated 
to  Baldur,  the  Sun  God,  on  account  of  its  golden  flowers. 
When  the  old  religion  gave  way  to  Christianity,  Baldur's 
Day  became  St.-John's-day,  and  Baldur's  flower  St.  John's 
flower. 

The  genus  was  once  in  high  repute  for  its  supposed 
ability  to  guard  against  evil  spirits,  and  for  other  magical 
powers.  On  this  account  the  various  species  were  often 
planted  around  dwellings.  In  Scotland  the  plant  is  said 
still  to  be  carried  as  a  charm  ;  and  in  France  and  Germany, 


46        St. -Johns-wort  (Hypericacece) 

on  the  day  of  the  nativity  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  the 
peasantry  trim  their  homes  with  it  in  honor  of  the  saint, 
and  to  gain  his  favor. 

"  I  must  gather  the  mystic  St.-John's-wort  to-night, 
The  wonderful  herb  whose  leaf  will  decide 
If  the  coming  year  shall  make  me  a  bride." 

Translated  from  the  German. 

"  Trefoil,  Vervain,  Johrts-wort,  Dill, 
Hinder  witches  of  their  will." 

Fig.  7.— Shrubby  St.-John's-wort.     H.  prolificum,  L. 

Flowers,  orange-yellow,  three  quarters  of  an  inch  across, 
crowded  in  simple  or  compound  leafy  clusters. 
Stamens,  very  numerous.  Seed-case,  three-celled. 
Styles,  three  more  or  less  united.  July,  August. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long,  narrow  ; 
edge  often  wavy ;  apex  usually  obtuse ;  base  nar- 
rowed. 

Branchlets,  two-edged. 

Fruit,  one  third  to  one  half  inch  long. 

Found,  from  New  Jersey  to  Michigan  and  southward. 
A  very  ornamental  little  shrub,   usually  two  to  four 

feet  in  height,  but  variable  in  size. 

Hypericum  densiflorum.    Pursh. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  these 
items : 
Flowers,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  in 

crowded  compound  clusters. 
Leaves,  about  one  inch  in  length. 
Fruit,  one  third  to  one  quarter  inch  in  length. 
Found,  from  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky 
and  Arkansas,  and  southward. 


Rue  (Rutacece)  47 

Kalm's  St.-John's-wort.     H,  Kalmianum,  L. 
Flowers,  one  inch  across,  three  to  seven  in  a  close  cluster. 

Styles,  five.     Seed-case,  five-celled. 
Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  crowded  and  narrow. 

Branches,  somewhat  four-sided,  with  two  of  the  edges 
slightly  winged. 

Fruit,  egg-shape. 

Found,  on  wet  rocks  at  Niagara  Falls,  and  among  the 
northern  lakes. 

7.   Family  RUTACE^.     (Rue  Fam.) 

Flowers,  small,  greenish-white,  in  clusters  ;  sometimes  taking  the  stam- 
inate  and  the  pistillate  forms  on  different  shrubs.  Petals,  three  to 
five,  not  united.  Sepals,  three  to  five,  or  wanting.  Stamens,  in 
the  staminate  flowers,  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with 
them  ;  in  the  pistillate  flowers,  either  imperfect  or  wanting.  Seed- 
cases,  one  to  five,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Leaves,  compound,  alternate,  dotted  when  held  to  the  light ;  edge -of 
leaflets  entire  or  nearly  so.  Stipules,  none. 

Bark,  pungent  or  bitter. 

Fruit,  one-  to  two-seeded,  one-celled,  splitting  into  two  pieces,  thick 
and  fleshy,  a  fleshy  pod  ;  or  two-celled,  two-seeded,  thin,  and 
winged  all  around  ;  a  samara. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Stems  prickly  ;  Seed-cases  three  to  five,  separate.         (i)  Xanthoxylum  (Prickly  Ash). 
Stems  not  prickly  ;  Seed-case,  one  with  two  cells.         (2)  Ptelea  (Shrubby  Trefoil). 

(i)  Genus  XANTHOXYLUM,  L.     (Prickly  Ash.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "yellow  "  and  "  wood." 

Fig.  8.  Northern  Prickly  Ash.    Toothache  Tree. 

X.  Americanum,  Mill. 

Flowers,  in  small,  dense  clusters  at  the  sides  of  the 
branches,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  and  sometimes 
taking  the  pistillate  form  on  one  tree,  and  the  stam- 
inate on  another.  Petals,  four  to  five.  Sepals,  four 


48  R^te  (  Rutacece) 

to  five,  or  obsolete.  Seed-cases,  three  to  five,  separate, 
but  with  their  slender  styles  more  or  less  united. 
April,  May. 

Leaves,  alternate.  Leaflets,  in  two  to  four  pairs,  with  an 
odd  one  at  the  end  ;  edges  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  sur- 
face smooth  above  (or  when  young,  downy),  downy 
beneath. 

Branches,  and  often  the  leaf-stalks  armed  with  short, 
stout,  brown  prickles. 

Fruit,  thick  and  fleshy,  one-celled,  splitting  lengthwise 
into  two  parts ;  one-  to  two-seeded.  Seeds,  black, 
smooth,  and  shining. 

Found,  in  rocky  woods,  and  along  river  banks  ;  often 
forming  thickets  ;  common,  especially  northward. 

A  shrub  four  to  twelve  feet  high,  or  in  cultivation 
sometimes  twenty  feet  high.  All  its  parts  are  bitter  and 
aromatic.  The  leaves  furnish  a  home  remedy  for  rheu- 
matism, toothache,  etc.  When  crushed  they  yield  a  strong 
lemon  odor,  due  to  an  oil  contained  in  the  transparent 
dots.  The  bush  serves  well  for  hedges. 


It  is  said  that  the  Indians  use  the  prickly  ash  as  a 
medicine  under  the  name  of  Hantola  ;  that  they  chew  the 
bark  for  aching  teeth  ;  make  decoctions,  mostly  of  the 
roots,  for  rheumatism  and  colic;  and,  mixed  with  bear's 
grease,  use  it  for  poultices. 

In  typhoid  cases  the  tincture  of  the  berry  is  consid- 
ered very  helpful.  "In  typhus  fever,  typhus  pneumonia, 
and  typhoid  conditions  generally,  I  am  compelled  to  say 
that  I  consider  the  tincture  of  prickly-ash  berries  superior 
to  any  other  kind  of  medicine." — DR.  KING  as  quoted  by 
Millspaugh. 


Rue  (Rutacece)  49 


\ 


Fig.  8.— Prickly  Ash.    (X.  Americanum,  Mill.) 
(a)  Flowering  twig.     (l>)  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 


5o  Holly  (Ilicinece) 

(2)  Genus  PTELEA,  L.   (Shrubby  Trefoil.) 

From  the  Greek  name  of  the  elm,  given  because  of  the  similarity  of  the  fruits. 

Fig.  9.— Shrubby  Trefoil.     Hop  Tree.    P.  trifoliata,  L. 

Flowers,  of  marked  odor,  in  small  compound  clusters  at 
the  ends  of  the  young  branches.  Staminate,  pistil- 
late, and  perfect  flowers  sometimes  form  on  the  same 
bush.  Petals,  sepals,  and  stamens  three  to  five. 
Seed-case,  two-celled.  Style,  short.  June. 

Leaves,  of  three  leaflets,  two  to  four  inches  long,  with 
edges  entire  or  nearly  so,  and  downy  when  young. 

Fruit,  "  orbicular,"  two-celled,  two-seeded,  with  the  edge 
broadly  winged  throughout ;  nearly  one  inch  across  ; 
intensely  bitter,  and  used  as  a  substitute  for  hops  ; 
a  samara. 

Found,  in  rocky  places  from  Long  Island  to  Minnesota, 
and  southward. 

A  shrub  six  to  eight  feet  high,  well  fitted  for  orna- 
ment, being  neat  in  appearance,  not  liable  to  attack  from 
insects,  and  hung  late  in  the  season  with  large  bunches 
of  hop-like  fruit.  Its  leaves  and  flowers  are  late  in  un- 
folding. 

8.   Family  ILICINE/E.     (Holly  Fam.) 

Flcnvers,  in  staminate  and  pistillate  forms,  white  or  greenish,  small, 
along  the  sides  of  the  branches  (axillary.)  Petals,  four  to  eight, 
separate,  or  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Calyx,  minute.  Stamens, 
as  many  as  the  petals,  and  alternate  with  them.  Seed-case,  free 
from  the  calyx,  four-  to  eight-celled,  four-  to  eight-seeded. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  edge-toothed  or  entire. 

Fruit,  berry-like  drupes  about  the  size  of  peas,  with  four  to  eight 
stones. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Petals  oval  or  reverse  egg-shape  ;  Leaves  toothed.        (i)  Ilex  (Holly,  etc.). 


Petals   narrow   and  pointed  ;    Leaves    entire    (or 
sometimes  slightly  toothed). 


(2)  Nemopanthes  (Mt.    Holly). 


Fig.  9.— Hop  Tree.    (P.  trifoliata,  L.) 

(a)  Fruit.     (l>)  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 


52  Holly  (Ilicinea) 

(i)  Genus  ILEX,  L.     (Holly,  etc.) 
Fig.  10. — Ilex  montana,  T.  and  G.    /.  montuola,  G. 

Flowers,  with  their  parts  in  fours  or  fives  (or  rarely  in 
sixes).  Sepals,  delicately  fringed  with  fine  hairs. 
Staminate  flowers  usually  in  clusters  ;  pistillate 
usually  solitary,  with  very  short  stems. 

Leaves,  three  to  five  inches  long,  egg-shape  or  long  oval, 
sharply  toothed,  mostly  smooth.  Apex  and  base, 
pointed. 

Fruit,  the  size  of  a  pea  ;  fleshy,  red  or  purple.  Nutlets, 
four  to  six,  each  finely  lined  along  the  back  ;  a  drupe. 

Found,  in  damp  woods  in  the  Catskill  and  Tahonic 
Mountains,  and  in  Cattaraugus  County,  N.  Y., 
through  Pennsylvania  as  far  east  as  Northampton 
County,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies. 

A  shrub  sometimes  taking  the  size  and  shape  of  a 
small  tree. 

Soft   Ilex.     /.   mollis,  Gray. 

This  species  quite  closely  resembles    the   preceding, 
except  in  these  items  : 

Flowers,  the  staminate  clusters  with  very  many  blossoms. 
Leaves,  soft,  downy  beneath. 

Found,  in  Burgeons  Gap,  Alleghanies  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  along  the  mountains  in  the  Southern  States. 

Fig.  ii. — Winterberry.     Black  Alder.    I.  vertidllata  ( L.),  Gray. 

Flowers,  the  staminate  in  stemless  clusters,  with  the  parts 
in  fours,  fives,  or  sixes  ;  the  pistillate,  solitary  or 
clustered,  with  the  parts  in  sixes  (or  rarely  in  fives, 
sevens,  or  eights).  Flower-stems,  all  very  short. 
July. 


Holly  (Ilicmece) 


53 


Fig.  io.— Ilex.     (I.  montana,  G.  and  T.) 
Fig.  ii.— Winterberry.     I.  verticillata  (L.),  G. 


54  Holly  (Ilicinece) 

Leaves,  variable,  reverse  egg-shape  to  oval  and  wedge- 
shape,  downy  beneath,  especially  along  the  vines, 
strongly  net-veined.  Apex  and  base  pointed.  Leaf- 
stems,  short. 

Fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  fleshy,  bright  red. 
Nutlets,  six  to  eight,  smooth,  moon-shape,  often 
continuing  in  place  long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen  ; 
a  drupe.  September,  October. 

Found,  in  moist  woods  or  swamps  ;  common. 

A  shrub,  usually  about  eight  feet  high  ;  very  notice- 
able among  the  autumn  trees  and  bushes  because  of  its 
show  of  fiery-red  berries.  Its  bark  is  tonic,  astringent, 
and  antiseptic,  and  is  often  used  with  the  effect  of  Peru- 
vian bark  in  intermittent  fevers.  "  It  is  probably  as  well 
known  to  domestic  practice  as  any  indigenous  shrub." 

Smooth  Winterberry.     /.  Icevigata  (Pursh.),  Gray. 

This  species  differs  from  the  last  chiefly  in  these 
items  : 

Flowers,  the  staminate  forms  on  stems  nearly  one  inch 
long.  June. 

Leaves,  shining  above,  smooth  beneath,  and  only  minutely 
downy  on  the  veins.  Leaf-stems,  one  half  to  five 
sixths  of  an  inch  long. 

Fruit,  larger  than  the  last  (about  one  third  inch  in  diam- 
eter) and  ripening  earlier.  September. 

Found,  in  wet  ground  from  the  mountains  of  Virginia 
northward. 

Fig.  12. — Inkberry.     /.  glabra  (L.),  Gray. 

Flowers,  small  and  white,  with  the  parts  mostly  in  sixes  ; 
the  staminate  blossoms  in  a  three-  to  six-flowered 


Holly  (Ilicinece)  55 


Fig.  12.— Inkberry.     I.  glabra  (L.),  G. 


56  Holly  (I Heine ce) 

cluster,  the  fertile  ones  usually  solitary.  Flower-stem, 
about  one  half  inch  long,  slender,  and  minutely 
hairy.  June. 

Leaves,  one  to  one  and  three  quarter  inches  long,  thick, 
dark,  and  very  shiny  above,  both  surfaces  smooth, 
veins  beneath  scarcely  perceptible  ;  wedge-shape  or 
oblong,  notched  toward  the  apex,  with  a  few  (usually 
five)  remote  teeth. 

Fruit,  the  size  of  a  small  pea  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
round,  black,  shining,  often  remaining  through  the 
winter  ;  not  edible.  Stones,  four  to  six,  smooth  ;  a 
berry-like  drupe. 

Found,  in  sandy  and  low  ground  from  Cape  Ann,  Massa- 
chusetts, southward  near  the  coast. 

A  pretty  evergreen  shrub  two  to  four  feet  high,  well 
worthy  of  cultivation  because  of  its  neat  shape  and  shin- 
ing evergreen  leaves. 

It  is  considered  of  value  medicinally  (in  fevers),  but 
its  chief  use  is  for  decoration.  Quantities  of  it  are  sent 
from  the  southern  counties  of  New  Jersey  to  the  New 
York  florists,  who  easily  keep  it  in  good  condition  for 
several  months. 

(2)  Genus  NEMOPANTHES,  Raf. 

Probably  from  the  Greek  words  meaning  "  thread,"  "foot,"  and  "  flower,"  in 
reference  to  the  thread-like  stalk  of  the  blossom. 

Fig.  13. — Mountain  Holly.     N.  mucronata  ( L.),  Trelease.     N. 
fascicularis,  Raf. 

Flowers,  usually  solitary,  small,  greenish-white,  on  long, 
slender  stems.  Petals,  four  or  five,  narrow,  pointed, 
as  long  as  the  stamens,  separate.  Sepals,  in  the 
staminate  flowers  in  the  form  of  minute  teeth  ;  in  the 


Holly  (Ilicinecz) 


57 


Fig.  i3.-Mountain  Holly.     N.  mucronata  (L.)  Trelease. 


58  Staff -Tree  (Celastracece) 

pistillate  only  rudimentary.  Stamens,  four  or  five, 
with  slender  filaments.  Seed-case,  hemispherical. 
May,  June. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  egg-shape  to  reverse  egg- 
shape,  edge  entire,  or  sometimes  slightly  toothed; 
smooth.  Leaf-stem,  slender. 

Fruit,  the  size  of  a  pea,  red,  nearly  round,  on  slender 
stems.  Nutlets,  four  or  five,  somewhat  angular  ;  a 
berry-like  drupe.  August. 

Found,  in  damp  ground  from  the  mountains  of  Virginia 

northward. 
A  much-branched  shrub  four  to  eight  feet  high,  with 

smooth  ash-gray  bark  ;    the  young  shoots  purple  or  olive, 

with  round  gray  dots. 


I  found  the  pretty  bush  first  on  an  open,  rocky  point 
in  Lake  Placid,  among  the  Adirondacks.  It  was  set 
thick  with  bright  red  berries,  and  its  whole  aspect,  owing 
to  the  toughening  of  the  wind  and  sun,  was  tangled  and 
"chunky."  Afterward  I  found  it  where  it  had  been  more 
delicately  reared,  in  the  damp  shade  of  the  neighboring 
woods,  with  straighter  and  slimmer  branches,  and  paler 
foliage. 

9.   Family  CELASTRACEjE.     (Staff-Tree  Fam.) 
Genus  EUONYMUS,  Tourn.      (Burning-Bush,  etc.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  good  "  and  "  name." 

Fig.  14. — Burning-Bush.    Waahoo.    Spindle-Tree. 

£.  atropurpureus,  Jacq. 

Flowers,  dark  purple,  small,  regular  in  loose  clusters  of 
three  to  six  blossoms,  at  the  sides  of  the  branches ; 
the  parts  of  the  flower  commonly  in  fours.  Stamens, 


Staff -Tree  (Celastracece)  59 


Fig.  14.— Burning-Bush.     (E.  atropurpureus,  Jacq.) 
Fig.  15.     Strawberry-Bush.     (E.  Americanus,  L.) 


60  Staff -Tree  (Celastracece) 

very  short,  alternating  with  the  petals,  and  inserted 
on  a  disk  which  occupies  the  lower  part  of  the  calyx, 
and  is  stretched  over  the  seed-case,  partly  adhering 
to  it.  Seed-case,  free  from  the  calyx,  two  to  five- 
celled,  with  one  to  four  seeds  in  each  cell.  Style, 
short  or  none.  Stem,  of  the  flower-clusters,  slender, 
one  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long.  June 

Leaves,  two  to  five  inches  long,  simple,  opposite,  toothed, 
variable  in  shape,  oval  and  oblong  to  reverse  egg- 
shape.  Leaf-stem,  one  half  to  one  inch  long.  Branch- 
lets,  four-sided. 

Fruit,  very  showy,  smooth,  deeply  lobed ;  when  ripe 
splitting  up  and  down  into  three  to  five  valves,  and 
so  showing  the  bright  red  covers  of  the  seeds  within. 
Cells,  three  to  five.  Seeds,  few  (one  to  four  in  each 
cell),  elliptical  ;  a  capsule. 

Found,  in  shady  woods  widely  distributed,  and  in  cultiva- 
tion. 

A  smooth-barked  shrub,  six  to  seventeen  feet  high, 
often  cultivated,  and  very  attractive  in  autumn  with  its 
abundant  drooping  clusters  of  "  burning "  berries.  A 
medicine  of  some  repute  has  been  prepared  from  it  called 
"  Waahoo." 

Fig.  15. — Strawberry-Bush.     E.  Americanus,  L. 

This  species  differs  from  the  last  chiefly  in  the  follow- 
ing items  : 

Flowers,  greenish,  or  greenish-purple,  and  mostly  in  fives. 
Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  nearly  stemless. 

Fruit,  rough,  warty,  and  depressed.  Seeds,  smaller  and 
egg-shape  or  oval. 


Buckthorn  (Rhamnacece)  61 

Found,   in  damp   and   shady  places  from    New  York  to 
Illinois,  and  southward. 

An  upright  or  sometimes  straggling  shrub,  two  to  five 
feet  high. 

10.   Family  RHAMNACE^.     (Buckthorn  Fam.) 

Flowers,  greenish  or  white,  small  and  regular  (sometimes  with  the 
petals  wanting).  Petals,  when  present,  four  to  five,  not  united. 
Sepals,  four  to  five.  Stamens,  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals, 
and  alternate  with  them.  Seed-case,  free  from  the  calyx,  or  some- 
times united  to  it,  two-  to  five-celled.  Seeds,  one  in  each  cell. 
Stamens  and  petals  inserted  along  the  edge  of  a  fleshy  disk,  which 
lines  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  and  in  Ceanothus  unites  it  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  seed-case 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  fine-toothed. 

Fruit,  a  berry-like  drupe  or  a  capsule. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

(')  Rhamnus  (Buckthorns). 

(2)  Cean°thus  (New  Jers£y  Tea'  etc->- 


(i)  Genus  RHAMNUS,  Tourn.     (Buckthorns.) 
Fig.  16.—  Lance-Leaved  Buckthorn.    R.  lanceolata,  Pursh. 

Flowers,  yellowish-green,  small,  at  the  sides  of  the 
branches  ;  found  sometimes  in  two  slightly  different 
forms  on  different  bushes,  but  both  forms  perfect. 
Petals,  four  and  deeply  notched.  Sepals,  four.  Sta- 
mens, four.  Seed-case,  free,  two-  to  four-celled.  May. 

Leaves,  oval  and  oblong,  pointed,  or  on  the  flowering 
shoots  sometimes  blunted. 

Fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  black  and  fleshy. 
Seeds,  two,  deeply  grooved  ;  a  berry-like  drupe. 

Found,    from    Pennsylvania    to    Illinois    and    Tennessee, 

and  westward. 
A  tall,  unarmed  shrub. 


62  Buckthorn  (  Rhamnacece  ) 

Fig.  17. — Alder-Leaved  Buckthorn.     R.  ainifolia,  L'Her. 

Flowers,  greenish,  small,  in  clusters  at  the  sides  of  the 
branches  ;  the  staminate  and  the  pistillate  forms 
usually  found  on  different  bushes.  Petals,  wanting. 
Sepals,  five.  Stamens,  five.  Seed-case,  two-  to  four- 
celled,  free  from  the  calyx.  June. 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long,  about  one  half  as  wide. 

Fruit,  about  as  large  as  a  currant,  somewhat  pear-shape, 
black  and  fleshy.  Seeds,  three,  deeply  grooved  along 
the  back  ;  a  berry-like  drupe. 

Found,  in  rough  fields  and  swamps  from  Maine  to  Penn- 
sylvania and  Nebraska,  and  northward  ;  common. 
A  shrub  two  to  four  feet  high,  without  thorns. 

Common  Buckthorn.     [J?.  cathdrtica.  Z.] 
This  species  is  a  native  of  Europe.      It  is  cultivated 
widely  in  the  form  of  thorny  hedges,  and  is  occasionally 
found  growing  wild  in  the  Eastern  States.      The  leaves 
are  egg-shape  ;  the  fruit  three-  to  four-seeded. 

As  far  back  as  the  i3th  century  it  was  noticed  for  its 
medicinal  qualities.  During  the  i6th  century  all  medical 
writers  commented  on  it.  It  is  now  fallen  into  disuse,  its 
cathartic  effect  being  considered  too  violent. 

Carolina  Buckthorn.     R.  Caroliniana,  Walt. 

Flowers,  greenish,  small,  perfect ;  in  one  form  in  clusters, 
in  another  solitary,  with  short  stem.  Petals,  five. 
Sepals,  five.  Seed-case,  free.  June. 

Leaves,  two  to  five  inches  long,  obscurely  toothed,  strongly 
veined. 

Fruit,  black,  fleshy,  berry-like.  Seeds,  three,  not  fur- 
rowed ;  a  berry-like  drupe. 


Buckthorn  (Rkamnacece) 


Fig.  16.— Lance-Leaved  Buckthorn.      (R.  lanceolata,  Pursh.) 
Fig.  17.— Alder-Leaved  Buckthorn.     (R.  alnifdlia,  L'Her.) 


64  Buckthorn  (Rhamnacece) 

Found,  in  wet  places,  from  New  Jersey  southward. 
A  thornless  shrub,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree. 

(2)   Genus  CEANOTHUS,  L.      (New  Jersey  Tea,  etc.) 
Fig.  18. — Narrow-Leaved  Ceanothus.     C.  watus,  Desf. 
This   species   differs   from   the   next    chiefly   in   these 
items  : 

Flowers,  somewhat  larger,  in  nearly  hemispherical  clusters 
that  are  about  one  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter. 
May. 

Leaves,  narrow  oval  to  narrow  egg-shape,  usually  pointed 
at  both  ends,  and  smooth,  or  nearly  so  ;  the  glandular 
teeth  of  the  edge  often  black-tipped. 

Found,  among  dry  rocks,  Western  Vermont  and  Massa- 
chusetts, and  westward.  It  is  rare  in  the  East. 

Fig.  19. — New  Jersey  Tea.    Red-Root.     C.  Americanos,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  in  lengthened  clusters  at  the  summit  of 
the  flower  branches.  Petals,  five,  spreading,  hooded, 
attached  by  slender  claws,  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Calyx,  five-lobed,  incurved,  the  lower  part  attached 
with  the  thick  disk  to  the  seed-case,  and  remaining 
long  after  the  lobes  and  the  ripened  fruit  have  fallen. 
Calyx  and  flower-stem  colored  like  the  petals.  Seed- 
case,  three-celled.  July. 

Leaves,  three  quarters  to  three  inches  long,  egg-shape, 
dark,  dull  green  ;  very  prominently  three-veined  from 
the  base,  toothed,  downy,  or  often  nearly  smooth. 
Apex,  pointed  or  obtuse  ;  base  often  slightly  heart- 
shape. 

Fruit,  small,  dry,  three-lobed  and  three-celled,  splitting 
up  and  down  into  three  parts.  Seeds,  not  furrowed, 
one  in  each  cell.  A  capsule. 


Fig.  1 8.— Narrow-Leaved  Ceandthus.    (C.  ovatus,  Desf.) 

(a)  Flower  enlarged. 

Fig.  19.— New  Jersey  Tea.     (C.  Americanus,  L.) 
£    Fruit. 


66  Soapberry  (Sapindacecz) 

Found,   widely  distributed   in    dry  woodlands   and   fields 

from  Canada  to  Florida. 

A  shrub  one  to  three  feet  high,  springing  from  a  large 
dark  red  root.  During  the  American  Revolution  and  in 
the  Civil  War,  in  some  of  the  Southern  States  its  leaves 
served  for  tea.  Its  root  is  sometimes  used  for  dyeing. 

Common  as  the  shrub  is,  it  was  late  before  I  learned 
to  know  it ;  but  since  that  time  until  now,  when  it  has 
come  to  be  one  of  my  familiar  friends,  always  the  prettiest 
thing  about  it  has  seemed  to  me  to  be  its  quaint  and  tiny 
silver-lined  cups,  emptied  of  their  ripened  seeds  and  shin- 
ing on  their  dried  stalks  among  the  flowers  and  leaves  of 
a  new  year's  growth. 

It  was  once  widely  advertised  that  the  true  China  tea 
plant  had  been  discovered  in  a  county  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  that  its  identity  was  certified  by  an  expert  from 
Assam.  A  company  was  even  formed  for  its  cultivation 
and  sale.  The  fraud  was  soon  detected ;  they  were 
using  the  leaves  of  the  New  Jersey  tea.  An  infusion  of 
these  leaves  tastes  like  the  poorer  grades  of  imported 
teas,  but  probably  it  has  none  of  the  tonic  effects  of  real 
tea. 

ii.   Family  SAPINDACE^.     (Soapberry  Fam.) 

(i)  Genus  ACER,  Tourn.     (Maple.) 
Fig.  20. — Mountain  Maple.    A.  spicatum,  Lam. 
Flowers,  greenish,  small,  regular,  crowded  in  lengthened 
and  upright  clusters,  which  become  drooping  in  fruit ; 
either  perfect  or  in  the  staminate  and  pistillate  forms 
on  separate  plants,  appearing  after  the  leaves.    Petals, 
narrow,  generally  five,    not   united.     Sepals,   of  the 


Soapberry  (Sapindacece)  67 


Fig.  20. — Mountain  Maple.     (A.  spicatum,  Lam.) 


68  Soapberry  (Sapindacece) 

same  number,  colored.  Stamens,  six  to  eight.  Styles, 
two,  long  and  slender,  and  united  only  below.  Seed- 
case,  free,  two-lobed  and  two-celled,  with  two  young 
seeds  in  each  cell  (only  one  ripening).  June. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  three-  (or  slightly  five-)  lobed, 
the  lobes  toothed  ;  downy  beneath  ;  more  or  less 
heart-shaped  at  base.  Bark,  light  gray. 

Fruit,  in  drooping  clusters,  two-winged,  two-seeded  ;  a 
double  samara  or  "key." 

Found,  usually  in  clumps  in  moist  and  hilly  woods,  widely 
distributed  from  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward  ; 
and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Virginia  and 
Kentucky. 

A  shrub  six  to  fifteen  feet  high,  easily  distinguished 
by  its  bark  and  leaves  from  its  near  relation  and  frequent 
neighbor,  the  Striped  Maple  (A.  Pennsylvdnicum,  L.), 
which  is  often  of  no  greater  height,  though  ranked  with 
the  trees,  and  which  has  a  similar  liking  for  damp  and 
hilly  woods.  The  latter  has  larger  and  differently  shaped 
leaves  (Fig.  74,  Trees  of  Northeastern  America),  and  a 
greenish  bark,  peculiarly  marked  lengthwise  with  stripes. 

(2)   Genus  STAPHYLKA,  L.      (Bladder-Nut.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  cluster." 

Fig.  21.— American  Bladder-Nut.     S.  trifolia,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  handsome,  in  short,  drooping  clusters  at 
the  ends  of  the  branchlets.  Petals,  five,  not  united. 
Stamens,  five,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Sepals, 
five,  whitish.  Styles,  three,  lightly  united.  Seed- 
case,  free  from  the  calyx,  but  with  its  base  slightly 
sunk  in  the  fleshy  receptacle  ;  with  three  cells,  each 
cell  containing  several  young  seeds. 


Soapberry  (Sapindacece)  69 


CL) 


Fig.  21.— Bladder-Nut.    (S.  trifdlia,  L.) 
(a)  Fruit. 


70  Sumach  (  Anacardiacece  ) 

Leaves,  compound,  opposite  ;  leaflets  three  to  five,  toothed, 
pale  beneath,  with  scattered  hairs.  Branches,  green- 
ish-striped. 

Fruit,  the  most  remarkable  thing  about  the  plant,  large, 
inflated,  three-sided,  three-parted  at  the  top,  three- 
celled,  each  cell  with  one  to  four  smooth,  hard  seeds, 
with  an  odor  much  like  that  of  a  pea-pod.  A  capsule. 

Found,  in  moist  woods  and  thickets  northward  from  North 

Carolina  and  Tennessee. 
A  handsome  shrub,  six  to  ten  feet  high. 

12.   Family  ANACARDlACE^E.     (Sumach  Fam.) 
Genus  RHUS,  L.     (Sumachs.) 

Possibly  from  a  word  meaning  "  red." 

Flowers,  greenish,  yellowish,  or  reddish,  small,  regular,  often  in  the 
staminate  and  pistillate  forms.  Petals,  five,  not  united.  Sepals, 
five.  Stamens,  five,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Styles,  three.  Seed- 
case,  free,  one-celled,  with  one  seed. 

Leaves,  compound,  alternate. 

Fruit,  nearly  round,  small,  not  splitting  when  ripe,  one-seeded.  An 
almost  dry  drupe. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SPECIES. 
(a)  Leaflets,  more  than  three. 

(3)  Edge  of  leaflets  toothed. 

(c)  Leaf  stem  and  branchlets  smooth,     (i)  Smooth  Sumach. 
(t)  "  "          very  downy.    (2)  Stag-Horn  Sumach. 

(b)  Edge  of  leaflets  entire. 

(c)  The  common  leaf-stem  winged  between  the  leaflets.    (3)  Dwarf 

Sumach. 

(f)  The  common  leaf-stem  not  winged.     (4)  Poison  Sumach. 
(a)  Leaflets,  three. 

(b)  Edge  of  leaflets  entire,  or  with  a  few  sharp  teeth.     (5)  Poison  Ivy. 
(b)  Edge  of  leaflets  with  large  rounded  teeth.     (6)  Sweet  Sumach. 

Fig.  22.— (i)  Smooth  Sumach.    R.glabra,L. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish-red,  in  dense  terminal  pyramid- 
shaped  clusters.  June,  July. 

Leaflets,  eleven  to  thirteen,  two  to  three  and  a  half  inches 
long,  toothed,  pale  beneath.  Leaf-stem  and  branch- 
lets,  smooth. 


Sumach  (Anacardiacece)  71 


Fig.  22.— Smooth  Sumach.      (R.  glabra,  L.) 
Fig.  23.— Dwarf  Sumach.      (R.  copalllna,  L.) 


72  Sumach  (  Anacardiacecz) 

Fruit,  red,  with  crimson  hairs,  very  sour.  Stone,  smooth. 
A  dry  drupe. 

Found,  very  widely  distributed  in  waste  and  barren  places. 

A  shrub  five  to  fifteen  feet  high,  smooth  throughout 
(excepting  in  its  fruit)  with  straggling  branches,  often  in 
extensive  clumps  and  thickets.  The  bark  of  this  and  of 
other  Sumachs  is  used  in  tanning.  An  infusion  of  the 
berries  makes  a  pleasant  and  cooling  drink  in  fevers. 
Also  the  berries  yield  a  red  dye.  In  autumn  the  leaves 
take  a  brilliant  shade  of  crimson.  The  Sumachs  are  often 
cultivated  ;  they  are  easily  raised  from  seed,  or  they  may 
be  propagated  from  root  cuttings. 

(2)  Stag-Horn  Sumach.     R.  typhina,  L. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish-yellow,  crowded  in  upright,  pyra- 
mid-shaped, terminal  clusters.  June. 

Leaflets,  closely  resembling  those  of  the  preceding  species 
(the  Smooth  Sumach),  eleven-  to  thirty-one-toothed, 
whitish  and  more  or  less  downy  beneath.  Leaf-stem 
and  branchlets,  especially  toward  their  ends,  covered 
with  a  very  dense  velvet-like  and  often  crimson-tinged 
down. 

Fruit,  rounded,  somewhat  flattened,  covered  with  a  crim- 
son and  very  acid  down.  Stone,  smooth.  A  dry 
drupe.  September,  October. 

Found,   oftenest  in   rocky  and  barren    places  from   New 

Brunswick  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  through 

the  Northern  States,  and  southward  along  the  Alle- 

ghany  Mountains  to  Central  Alabama. 

A  larger  shrub  than  the  Smooth  Sumach,  sometimes 

twenty  feet  high,  and  often   taking  the  tree  form.      The 

straggling,  evenly   spreading  branches,   with    the    leaves 


Sumach  (Anacardidcece)  73 

mostly  toward  their  ends,  give  a  peculiar  umbrella-like 
look.  The  wood  is  very  soft  and  brittle,  yellow,  with  the 
sap-wood  white.  In  spring  in  the  sugar  orchards  the 
young  shoots,  cleared  of  their  pith,  serve  as  "sap  quills" 
for  drawing  the  running  sap  from  the  maples.  The  wood 
forms  a  yellow  dye,  and  an  infusion  of  the  berries  is  used 
as  a  gargle  for  sore-throat  The  thick  down  upon  the 
young  branches,  and  their  shape,  are  suggestive  of  the 

horns  of  a  stag,  whence  the  name. 

. 
Fig.  23. — (3)  Dwarf  Sumach.  Mountain  Sumach.  R.copall1na,L. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish,  in  upright  pyramid-shaped, 
stemless  clusters,  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
July. 

Leaflets,  nine  to  twenty-one  (oftenest  nine  to  thirteen), 
one  to  three  inches  long,  edge  entire,  base  usually 
rounded  and  one-sided,  upper  surface  dark  and  shin- 
ing. Leaf-stem,  expanded  between  the  pairs  of  leaf- 
lets into  broadly  winged  margins. 

Fruit,  rounded,  hairy,  varying  in  color  in  ripening  from 
delicate  neutral  tints,  grays  and  drabs,  to  red  ;  acid. 
Stone,  smooth.  September. 

Found)  very  widely  distributed,  usually  in  dry  and  rocky 
places. 

A  shrub  three  to  five  feet  high,  or  sometimes,  in  favor- 
able locations,  twenty  feet  high,  oftenest  forming  clumps 
or  borders  along  the  edge  of  woods  and  thickets.  Its 
peculiar  winged  foliage,  and  the  constantly  changing 
tints  of  flower,  fruit,  and  leaf,  make  it  the  most  attractive 
of  the  Sumachs,  and  best  worthy  of  ornamental  cultiva- 
tion. A  mass  of  them  set  in  a  corner  of  the  garden  or 
grounds  would  be  constantly  attractive. 


74  Sumach  (  Anacardiacece) 

Fig.  24. — (4)  Poison  Sumach.      Poison   Dogwood.      Poison 
Elder.     R.  vernix,  L.      ( R.  venenata,  D.  C.) 

Flowers,  small,  green,  in  long,  loose  clusters  at  the  bases 
of  the  upper  leaves.  June. 

Leaflets,  seven  to  thirteen,  edge  entire,  long  oval  or  egg- 
shape,  smooth  and  thin,  base  rounded  or  pointed. 
Leaf-stem,  red  throughout,  and  not  winged. 

Fruit,  about  the  size  of  small  peas,  rounded,  smooth, 
shining,  dry.  Stone,  lined.  A  dry  drupe.  September. 

Found,  in  swampy  land,  widely  distributed. 

A  tall  shrub  (or  sometimes  a  small  tree)  six  to  eigh- 
teen feet  high.  It  is  violently  poisonous  to  the  touch, 
causing,  in  most  persons,  a  painful  eruption  ;  some  are 
poisoned  by  it  without  touching  it,  probably  by  means  of 
the  drifting  pollen  of  its  flowers.  A  recommended  appli- 
cation is  sugar  of  lead,  applied  after  the  use  of  saline 
cathartics,  or  a  thick  paste  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  rubbed 
into  the  skin  as  soon  as  the  eruption  appears.  It  is  also 
claimed  that  relief  and,  if  used  promptly,  frequent  cure 
follow  the  use  of  belladonna,  of  apis  mellifica,  or  of 
arsenicum  album,  taken  in  homceopathic  doses.  But 
there  are  wellnigh  as  many  recommended  antidotes  as 
there  are  for  the  bite  of  a  rattlesnake. 


Apart  from  other  differences,  the  Poison  Sumach  can 
be  easily  and  quickly  distinguished  from  all  other  Sumachs 
by  these  signs :  It  differs  from  the  Smooth  Sumach  and 
the  Stag-Horn  Sumach  in  having  the  edge  of  its  leaflets 
entire  ;  from  the  Dwarf  Sumach,  by  the  absence  of  the 
winged  stem  between  its  leaflets  and  by  its  red  leaf- 
stem. 


Sumach  ( Anacardiacece)  75 


Fig.  24.— Poison  Sumach.     (R.  vernix,  L.) 


76  Sumach  (  Anacardiacece  ) 

Fig.  25. — (5)  Poison  Ivy.     Poison  Oak.     R.  rddicans,  L. 
( R.  toxicodendron,  L.) 

Flowers,  small,  greenish,  in  loose  clusters  from  the  axils 
of  the  leaves,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  forms  on 
different  plants.  June. 

Leaflets,  three,  edge  entire,  or  variously  sharp-notched, 
mostly  pointed,  and  somewhat  downy  beneath. 

Fruit,  small,  rounded,  pale  brown  or  whitish,  smooth. 
Stone,  lined.  September. 

Found,  widely  distributed  in  open  grounds  and  among 
trees,  along  walls  and  fences. 

A  shrub  that  is  less  poisonous  than  the  Poison  Su- 
mach, but  more  dreaded  because  the  latter  is  confined  to 
swampy  grounds,  while  the  Poison  Ivy  is  found  every- 
where. It  takes  all  positions  ;  sometimes  it  is  erect  (one 
to  three  feet  high),  often  it  is  prostrate  and  trailing ; 
oftenest,  perhaps,  it  is  climbing.  In  its  climbing  form 
it  covers  the  posts  of  fences,  the  trunks  and  branches  of 
trees,  stone  walls — clinging  tenaciously  wherever  it  goes 
by  multitudes  of  thread-like  rootlets,  and  sometimes 
reaching  a  distance  of  forty  or  even  fifty  feet,  with  a  stem 
from  two  to  five  or  six  inches  in  diameter.  At  times  it 
so  closely  covers  its  growing  support  as  to  smother  it. 
Its  poisonous  qualities  are  the  same  in  kind  as  those  of 
the  Poison  Sumach. 

Fig.  26.— (6)  Sweet  Sumach.     R.  aromdtica,  Ait. 
( R.  Canade'nsis ,  Marsh.) 

Flowers,  small,  yellowish,  in  small  spikes  or  heads,  un- 
folding before  the  leaves. 

Leaflets,  three,  one  to  three  inches  long,  the  end  one 
sometimes  three-cleft,  edge  unequally  round-toothed. 


Fig.  25.— Poison  Ivy.     (R.  radicans,  L.)    (a)  Fruit. 
77  Fig.  26.— Sweet  Sumach.     (R.  aromatica,  Ait.) 


78  Pulse  (Leguminbscz) 

Fruit,  rounded,  red,  acid.      A  dry  drupe. 

Found,  widely  distributed  north  and  south  on  dry  open 

ground,  and  in  thickets. 

A  straggling  shrub,  two  to  six  feet  high,  with  leaves 
of  a  pleasant,  aromatic  odor  when  crushed. 

13.   Family  LEGUMINOS^.     (Pulse  Fam.) 
Genus  AMORPHA,  L.     (False  Indigo,  etc.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  without  form,"  because  of  the  absence  of  a  part 
of  its  petals. 

Fig.  27. — False  Indigo.     A.  fmcticbsa,  L. 

Flowers,  irregular,  violet  or  purple,  crowded  in  clustered 
terminal  spikes.     Petal,  one.      Stamens,  ten,   united 
at  the  base.     Sepals,  five.     Seed-case,  one,  one-celled, 
free,  two-seeded,  longer  than  the  calyx.     May,  June. 
Leaves,   compound,   alternate,   three  to  five  inches  long. 
Leaflets,  fifteen  to  seventeen,  about  one  inch  long, 
edge  entire,  marked  with  small  dots. 
Fruit,  small,  two-seeded.     A  pod. 
Found,  from  Southern  Pennsylvania  southward,  and  far 

westward. 
A  shrub  six  to  sixteen  feet  high. 

Lead-Plant.     A.  canescens,  Nutt. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  these 
items  : 

Flowers,  bright  blue. 
Leaflets,   thirty-one   to   fifty-one,    small   (one   and   a   half 

inches  or  less),  crowded. 
Fruit,  one-seeded. 
Found,  westward. 

A  pretty  shrub,  two  to  four  feet  high,  taking  its  name 
from  a  supposed  liking  for  localities  containing  lead-ore. 


Pulse  (Leguminosce)  79 


Fig.  27.— False  Indigo.    (A.  fructicdsa,  L.) 


8o  Rose  (Rosacecz) 

14.  Family  ROSACEyE.     (Rose  Fam.) 

Flowers,  regular.  Petals,  five,  not  united,  inserted  with  the  stamens  on 
the'edge  of  a  disk  that  lines  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Sepals,  five, 
united  toward  the  base,  often  accompanied  outside  by  a  row  of 
small,  leaf -like  bracts.  Stamens,  numerous  [or  in  Spiraea  (2) 
sometimes  as  few  as  ten]  inserted  as  above.  Seed-case,  one  to 
many,  free  from  the  calyx  excepting  in  Pyrus  (6),  Crataegus  (7), 
and  Amelanchior  (8),  and  in  the  Genus  Rosa  (5),  where  the  many 
pistils  are  imbedded  in  the  inner  surface  of  the  more  or  less 
rounded  calyx-tube. 

Leaves,  usually  simple  [compound  in  Rosa  (5)  and  in  Rubus  (4)  ex- 
cepting in  one  species],  alternate,  usually  with  leaf-like  bracts 
(stipules)  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stem. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

(a)  Seed-case,  one   to  many,  free,  and  not  (as  in  Rosa)  covered  in  ripening  by 
the  calyx. 

(b)  Seed-case,  one..    Leaves,  simple.     Fruit,  a  drupe.     (l)  Prunus(Plum, 

Cherry). 

(b)  Seed-cases,  mostly  five,  one-celled,  two-  to  several-seeded.  Fruit,  a 
follicle. 

(c)  Leaves,  simple.     (2)  Spinca  (Meadow-Sweet,  etc.). 
(r)       "         lohed.       (3)   Physocarpus  (Nine-Bark). 

(6)  Seed-cases,  numerous,  crowded  on  a  lengthened,  spongy  receptacle, 
becoming  fleshy  in  fruit.  Leaves  compound  (except  in  Flowering 
Raspberry).  Fruit,  crowded  drupelets.  (4)  Rubus  (Blackberry, 
etc.). 

(<j)  Seed-case,  one  to  many,  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube,  or  (in  Rosa)  covered  in 
ripening  by  the  calyx. 

(2)  Seed-cases,  many,  becoming  bony  nutlets   enclosed  in  the  rounded, 
fleshy  calyx-tube,   and  appearing   like    a    small    apple.       Leaves, 
compound.        Fruit,  clustered  akenes,  but  apparently  a  pome. 
(5)  Rosa  (Rose). 

(2)  Seed-case,  one,  imbedded  in  the  fleshy  calyx  tube.  Leaves,  simple.  Fruit, 
a  pome.  (6)  Pyrus  (Chokeberry,  etc.),  (7)  Cratcegus  (Thorn,  Haw),  (8) 
Amelanchior  (Juneberry). 

(i)  Genus  PRUNUS,  Tourn.      (Plum,  Cherry.) 

Flowers,  white,  in  clusters,  excepting  in  the  third  species 
(sloe),  with  or  preceding  the  leaves,  excepting  in  the 
fourth  species  (Choke-Cherry).  Petals,  five,  much 
spreading.  Sepals,  five.  Stamens,  fifteen  to  twenty. 
Seed-case,  one,  free  from  the  calyx,  with  two  young 
seeds,  only  one  of  which  usually  ripens. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  toothed. 

Fruit,  fleshy,  with  a  bony  stone. 


Rose  (Rosacece)  81 

Fig.  28.— Wild  Plum.      Canada  Plum.     Horse  Plum. 

P,  Americana,  Marsh. 

Flowers,  in  simple  clusters  of  three  to  four  blossoms,  pre- 
ceding the  leaves. 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  long,  oval  to  reverse 
egg-shape ;  base  pointed  or  rounded,  somewhat 
downy  on  the  veins  and  in  their  angles.  Bark  of 
the  main  stem  dark,  reddish-green,  or  bronze- 
green. 

Fruit,  one  half  to  two  thirds  inches  in  diameter,  yellow, 
orange,  or  red,  with  a  thick,  acid  skin,  and  a  pleasant 
flavor.  Stone,  slightly  flattened,  with  both  edges 
winged  and  sharp. 

Found,  from  Canada  southward  to  Florida,  and  westward, 
and  often  in  cultivation. 

A  bush  (or  sometimes  a  small  tree)  eight  to  twenty 
feet  high,  with  hard,  reddish  wood.  In  cultivation  it 
furnishes  an  excellent  stock  on  which  to  graft  the  domestic 
plums. 

Dwarf  Cherry.    Sand  Cherry.    P.  piimila,  L. 
Flowers,  two  to  four,  together. 

Leaves,  narrowly  reverse  egg-shape,  tapering  to  the  base, 
slightly  toothed  toward  the  apex,  pale  beneath. 

Fruit,  slightly  lengthened,  nearly  black  when  ripe,  usually 
sour  and  puckery.  Stone,  lengthened,  without  mar- 
gin, the  size  of  a  large  pea. 

Found,  from  Canada  to  Virginia,  and  westward. 

A  drooping  and  trailing  shrub,  six  inches  to  six  feet 
high. 


82  Rose  (Rosacece) 

Fig.  29.— Beach  Plum.     P.  marifima,  Wang. 

Flowers,  white,  two  to  five  in  each  cluster,  appearing 
before  the  leaves.  April,  May. 

Leaf,  one  to  three  inches  long,  edge  very  finely  toothed, 
outline  mostly  oval,  light  green,  soft,  downy  beneath, 
especially  when  young,  strongly  net-veined.  Leaf- 
stem,  with  two  small,  wart-like  dots.  Bark,  very 
dark. 

Fruit,  one  half  to  one  inch  in  diameter,  round  or  oval, 
purple  or  crimson.  Stone,  much  swollen,  sharp  on 
one  edge,  on  the  opposite  side  rounded  and  finely 
grooved  ;  edible.  Ripe  in  August  and  September. 

Found,  on  and  near  the  sea-beach  from  Massachusetts  to 
Virginia. 

A  straggling,  much-branching  bush,  two  to  five  feet 
high.  The  farther  it  grows  from  the  beach,  the  thinner 
and  smoother  its  leaves  are  likely  to  be,  and  its  plums 
smaller.  Its  fruit  is  much  sought  in  autumn  for  preserv- 
ing. "  Beach-plumming "  along  the  coast  equals  in 
interest  "  chestnutting"  and  "  huckleberrying  "  inland. 

Primus  Alleghaniensis.    Porter. 
Leaves,  long  oval  to  lanceolate. 

Friiit,  very  dark  purple,  less  than  one  half  inch  in  diam- 
eter. Stone,  with  a  broad  flat  ridge  on  one  side,  and 
a  shallow  groove  on  the  other. 

Found,  on  the  bluffs  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  in 
Pennsylvania. 

A  straggling  shrub,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree,  three 
to  fifteen  feet  high,  seldom  thorny. 


Rose  (Rosacece) 


("-J 


Fig.  28.— Wild  Plum.     (P.  Americana,  Marsh.)    (a)  Fruit. 
Fig.  29.— Beach  Plum.     (P.  maritlma,  Wang.)     (*)  Fruit. 


84  Rose  (  Rosacece) 

Fig.  30.— Sloe.     Black  Thorn.     [P.  spinbsa.  L.] 

Flowers,  white,  usually  solitary.      Flower-stems,  smooth. 

Leaves,  edge  sharply-toothed  or  double-toothed,  reverse 
egg-shape  to  egg-shape,  downy  beneath,  becoming 
smooth. 

Fruit,  small,  rounded,  black.  Stone,  swollen,  with  one 
edge  sharp. 

Found,  in  waste  places  from  New  England  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  New  Jersey.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

A  thorny  shrub,  twelve  to  fifteen  feet  high. 

Fig.  31.— Choke-Cherry.     P.  Virginiana,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  with  short  stems,  set  in  a  long,  cylinder- 
shaped  cluster  at  the  ends  of  leafy  branchlets,  appear- 
ing after  the  leaves.  Petals,  rounded.  May. 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  long,  oval  to  reverse  egg- 
shape,  thin,  base  variable,  edge  finely  and  sharply 
toothed.  Leaf-stem,  usually  marked  with  two  to  four 
wart-like  dots.  Bark,  light  gray  or  greenish  on  the 
young  shoots,  becoming  dark  gray  after  the  first 
year, 

Fruit,  about  one  quarter  inch  in  diameter,  very  abundant, 
red,  becoming  very  dark  in  ripening,  exceedingly 
astringent  (puckery),  but  when  thoroughly  ripe  not 
unpalatable.  Stone,  rounded,  smooth,  without  mar- 
gin. July,  August. 

Found,  widely  distributed  in  woods  and  hedges  from 
Georgia  westward  and  northward.  Common,  es- 
pecially northward. 

A  shrub  (or  sometimes  a  small  tree)  five  to  twenty 
feet  high. 


Fig.  30.— Sloe.     [P.  spindsa,  L.] 
31.— Choke-Cherry.     (P.  Virginiana,  L.)     (a)  Fruit. 


86  Rose  (Rosacece) 

(2)  Genus  SPIR^A,  L.      (Meadow-Sweet,  etc.) 

Flowers,  white  to  rose-color,  crowded  in  rounded  or  pyra- 
mid-shaped or  steeple-shaped  clusters.  Petals,  five, 
reverse  egg-shape.  Stamens,  ten  to  fifty.  Seed-cases, 
mostly  five,  distinct,  one-celled,  several-seeded. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  toothed. 

Fruit,  a  dry,  simple  case  (usually  in  clusters  of  five),  with 
one  cell  and  several  long,  slim  seeds  ;  a  follicle,  or  a 
cluster  of  follicles. 

Fig.  32.— Meadow-Sweet.     S.  salitifolia,  L. 

Flowers,  small,  white  or  tinged  with  rose,  crowded  in 
rounded  and  pyramid-shaped  terminal  clusters.  Seed- 
cases,  five,  smooth.  July,  August. 

Leaves,  one  and  one  half  to  three  inches  long,  smooth  or 
nearly  so,  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape,  singly  or  doubly 
sharp-toothed,  base  pointed  or  rounded.  Apex, 
pointed. 

Fruit,  as  above. 

Found,    from    Georgia    northward    and    westward,    most 

abundantly  in  low  grounds. 
A  shrub  three  to  four  feet  high,  erect,  with  polished 

copper-colored  or  purplish  brittle    stem,    ornamental    in 

cultivation. 

Fig-  33- — Birch-Leaved  Spiraea.    S.  corymbbsa,  Raf. 
This  species  differs  chiefly  in  the  following  items  : 
Flowers,  in  large,  flat  clusters.      Seed-cases,  three  to  five. 
Leaves,  broad  oval  or  ovate,  toothed  only  toward  the  apex. 
Found,  in  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey, 
southward  to   Georgia,  and  westward  to  Kentucky 
and  Missouri. 
A  shrub  one  to  two  feet  high. 


Rose  (Rosacecz) 


87 


Fig.  32.— Meadow-Sweet.    (S.  salicifdlia,  L.) 
-  33-— Birch-Leaved  Spiraea.    (S.  corymbosa,  Raf.) 


88  Rose  (Rosacece) 

Pig  34.— Hardback.     Steeple-Bush.     S.  tomentosa,  L. 
Flowers,  small,  rose-colored  or  rarely  white,  crowded  in 
steeple-shaped,    terminal    clusters.       Seed-cases,   five, 
woolly.     July,  August. 

Leaves,    crowded,    egg-shape    or    oblong,    toothed,    very 
white-woolly  beneath.     New  shoots,  covered  with   a 
rusty  down.      Old  stems,  smooth,  and  of  a  bronze  color. 
Fruit,  as  above. 

Found,  in  low  ground  from  Georgia  northward  and  west- 
ward. 

A  small  shrub,  two  to  five  feet  high,  with  hard,  brittle 
stalks,  that  call  for  troublesome  "  hacking  "  on  the  part 
of  the  haymakers,  whence  one  of  its  names.  It  is  orna- 
mental, and  is  often  cultivated  for  its  pretty,  steeple-like 
clusters  of  late-blooming,  rosy  flowers. 

(3)  Genus  PHYSOCARPUS,  Maxim.     (Nine-Bark.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "bladder  "  and  "  nut." 

Fig-  35-— Nine-Bark.     P.  opulifblius  (L.)  Maxim. 

Flowers,  small,  white,  often  purple-tinged,  in  close, 
rounded  clusters  two  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter, 
each  flower  with  a  thread-like,  downy  stem.  Petals, 
five.  Stamens,  thirty  to  forty.  Seed-cases,  one  to 
five,  inflated.  Young  seeds,  two  to  four.  June. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long,  three-lobed, 
with  the  lobes  sharply  toothed,  base  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  or  pointed.  Bark,  gray,  loose,  and  flaking 
off  in  thin  scales. 

Fruit,  conspicuous,  a  smooth,  simple  case,  inflated  and 
purplish,  with  one  cell  and  two  ripened  seeds,  usually 
in  clusters  of  three  to  five.  Seeds,  rounded,  smooth, 
and  shining.  A  follicle  or  cluster  of  follicles. 


\  VI  /  / 

Fig.  34.— Hardback.    (S.  tomentdsa,  L.) 
Fig.  35.— Nine-Bark.    (P.  opulifdlius  L.,  Maxim.) 


9o  Rose  (Rosacece) 

Found,  oftenest  on  the  banks  of  streams  from  Canada 
southward  and  westward,  widely  distributed,  but 
rather  rare  in  its  wild  state. 

A  beautiful  shrub,  three  to  five  feet  high,  often  and 
easily  cultivated. 

(4)  Genus  RUBUS,  Tourn.      (Blackberry,  etc.) 

From  a  word  meaning  "  red." 

Flowers,  white  (excepting  in  the  first  species,  Purple- 
Flowering  Raspberry).  Petals,  five.  Sepals,  five, 
partly  united,  spreading.  Stamens,  numerous.  Seed- 
cases,  many,  each  with  two  young  seeds,  only  one  of 
which  ripens,  crowded  on  a  lengthened  receptacle. 

Leaves,  compound  (excepting  in  Purple-Flowering  Rasp- 
berry). Stems,  often  armed  with  prickles. 

Fruit,  a  pulpy  edible  "  berry  "  so  called,  formed  by  the 
ripened  seed-cases.  A  mass  of  small  drupes. 

Fig.  36.— Purple-Flowering  Raspberry.    R.  odoratus,  L. 

Flowers,  one  to  two  inches  across,  showy,  purple  to  rose 
color.  Petals,  rounded  in  terminal  clusters.  Stamens, 
one  hundred  to  two  hundred,  whitish.  Calyx,  flower- 
stems,  and  branchlets,  covered  with  sticky  hairs. 
June,  July. 

Leaves,  four  to  eight  inches  long,  simple,  three-  to  five- 
lobed,  the  middle  lobe  longest,  all  pointed  and  with 
their  edges  fine-toothed,  somewhat  hairy,  without 
prickles. 

Fruit,  of  but  slight  value,  broad  and  flat,  sometimes  an 
inch  across,  separating  from  the  receptacle  when 
ripe,  red,  sweet  when  ripe.  August. 


Fig.  36.— Purple-Flowering  Raspberry.     R.  odor&tus,  L. 


92  Rose  (Rosacece) 

Found,  from  Georgia  northward  and  westward,  often  in 
rocky  places,  and  on  the  borders  of  dry  woods. 

A  straggling  shrub,  three  to  five  feet  high.  Its  rose- 
like  blossoms  and  its  late  summer  flowering  make  it 
worthy  of  cultivation.  It  requires  shade. 

Fig-  37-— Wild  Red  Raspberry.     R.  strigbsus,  Michx. 
Flowers,  small,  white.     Petals,  erect,  as  long  as  the  sepals. 
May. 

Leaflets,  three  to  five,  the  side  ones  without  stems,  whitish- 
downy  beneath.  Stems,  thickly  set  with  stiff  bristles 
that  are  usually  straight,  but  sometimes  hooked. 

Fruit,  half  round,  red,  when  ripe  falling  from  the  length- 
ened receptacle,  sweet,  and  very  pleasant  to  the 
taste.  June,  August. 

Found,  especially  along  roadsides  and  in  neglected  fields, 
from  Labrador  to  New  Jersey,  and  westward  and 
southward  along  the  mountains  to  North  Carolina. 

A  free-growing  shrub,  three  to  six  feet  high,  ranking 
with  the  blackberries  and  huckleberries  as  a  liberal  and 
welcome  fruit-giver  for  country  homes.  The  supplies  for 
the  city  markets  are  mostly  from  cultivated  varieties. 

Fig.  38.— Blackcap.     Black  Raspberry.     Thimbleberry. 

R.  occidcntdlis,  L. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  the 
following  items  : 

Flowers,  with  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

Leaflets,  usually  three,  rarely  five,  the  side  ones  sometimes 
with  short  stems. 

Fruit,  black,  rarely  whitish. 


Rose  (Rosacece)  93 


Fig  37.-Red  Raspberry.    (R.  strigdsus,  Michx.) 


94  Rose  (Rosacece) 

The  shrub  spreads  by  help  of  long  branches  which 
curve  over  and  down  until  their  tips  touch  the  ground, 
and  root,  so  forming  new  centres  of  tangled  growth. 

High  Blackberry.     R.  villbsus,  Ait. 

Flowers,  numerous,  in  clusters  of  about  twenty  blossoms. 
Petals,  spreading,  reverse  egg-shape,  much  longer 
than  the  narrow,  pointed  sepals. 

Leaflets,  three  (or  sometimes  five),  usually  with  prickly 
stems,  not  whitish- downy  beneath.  Leaves  and 
branchlets  hairy  and  glandular.  Stems,  furrowed 
and  ridged,  and  armed  with  stout  curved  prickles. 

Fruit,  oblong,  black,  not  separating  when  ripe  from  the 
lengthened  receptacle.  August,  September. 

Found,  oftenest  along  roadsides  and  in  thickets.  Common. 
A  scraggly,  thorny  bush,  three  to  six  feet  high,  with  a 

very  pleasant-flavored  fruit.     A  tea  from  the  steeped  root 

is  a  home  remedy  for  summer  complaint. 

Rubus  villosus,  var.  frondosus,  Torn 
This  variety  has  about  ten   flowers  in  a  cluster,  with 
petals  more  rounded  than  the  last,  is  smoother,  and  has 
fewer  drupelets  in  the  more  acid  fruit.      It  is  found  with 
the  type  at  the  North. 

Sand  Blackberry.     R.  cuneifolius,  Pursh. 

Flowers,  white  (sometimes  with  a  rose  tint).  Petals, 
large,  three  times  as  long  as  the  sepals,  in  two-  to 
four-blossomed  clusters.  May,  June. 

Leaflets,  three  (sometimes  five),  stemless,  somewhat  wedge- 
shape  and  reverse  egg-shape,  whitish-downy  beneath, 
edge  entire  toward  the  base.  Leaf-stems,  downy, 
often  prickly,  young  branches  downy  beneath.  Stems, 
round,  and  armed  with  stout,  re-curved  prickles. 


•Rose  (  Rosacece) 


Fig.  38.— Blackcap.     (R.  occidentalis,  L.) 


96  Rose  (Rosacece) 

Fruit,  black,  well-flavored.     July,  August. 

Found,  in  sandy  woods  of  southern  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania, southward  and  westward. 

A  shrub  two  to  three  feet  high. 

.  (5)   Genus  ROSA,  Tourn.      (Rose.) 

Flowers,  with  five  reverse  egg-shape  or  reverse  heart- 
shape  petals.  Calyx-tube,  fleshy,  contracted  at  the 
throat,  urn-shaped.  Stamens,  many.  Pistils,  many, 
embedded  in  the  inner  surface  of  the  calyx-tube. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered),  alternate,  edge  of 
leaflets  toothed,  lower  edges  of  the  leaf-stem  with 
prominent  wings  (stipules). 

Fruit,  a  more  or  less  reddish  or  greenish  ball  ("  hip  ") 
enclosing  the  many  dry  one-seeded  seed-cases.  A 
covered  cluster  of  akenes. 


"  If  Jove  would  give  the  leafy  bowers 
A  queen  for  all  their  world  of  flowers, 
The  rose  would  be  the  choice  of  Jove, 
And  blush,  the  queen  of  every  grove." — TH.  MOORE. 

"  The  rose  doth  deserve  the  chiefest  and  most  princi- 
pall  place  among  all  flowers  whatsoever,  .  .  .  for  his 
beautie,  his  vertues,  and  his  flagrant  and  odoriferous 
smell. — Gerard's  Herball,  London,  1597. 

"  The  rose  is  the  honor  and  beautie  of  flowres, 
The  rose  is  the  care  and  the  love  of  the  Spring, 
The  rose  is  the  pleasure  of  the  'avenly  powers  : 
The  boy  of  faire  Venus,  Cytheres  darling, 
Doth  wrap  his  head  round  with  garlands  of  rose, 
When  to  the  daunces  of  the  Graces  he  goes." — 

Gerard's  Herball,  London,  1597. 


Rose  (Rosacece)  97 

"  But  there  are  many  kinds  of  Roses  differing  either 
in  the  bignesse  of  the  flowers,  or  the  plant  itself,  roughnes 
or  smoothnes,  or  in  the  multitude  of  the  flowers,  or  in  the 
fewnesse,  or  else  in  color  and  smell." — Gerard's  Herball, 
London,  1597. 

Shining  Rose.     R.  lucida,  Ehrh. 

Flowers,  pale  red,  generally  in  one  to  three  pairs.  Petals, 
large,  slightly  two-lobed.  Sepals,  spreading  after 
flowering,  presently  falling  away,  the  outer  ones 
often  with  two  small  lobes  ;  the  sepals  and  the  rounded 
receptacle  usually  hairy.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  smooth,  and  often  shining  above.  Leaf-stem, 
usually  somewhat  hairy,  and  with  spines  between  the 
"wings."  Leaflets,  mostly  seven,  acute  or  blunt, 
coarse-toothed,  stemless  except  the  end  one.  Stems, 
mostly  greenish.  Spines,  straight  or  sometimes 
hooked,  becoming  stout.  Prickles,  scattered. 

Fruit,  rounded,  red,  small,  depressed,  with  the  fruit-stem 
glandular-hairy. 

Found  widely   distributed    in    woods    and    thickets,    and 

waste  grounds. 
A  shrub  usually  one  to  three  feet  high. 

Low  Rose.      R.  hhmilis,  Marsh. 

This  species  is  quite  variable.      It  differs  from  the  last 
in  the  following  items  : 
Oziter  Sepals,  always  more  or  less  lobed. 
Leaflets,  usually  thinner  and  paler. 
Stipules,  usually  narrow. 
Spines,  usually  straight  and  slender. 

Found,  mostly  in  dry  soil  from  Maine  to  Georgia,  and 
westward. 


9s  Rose  (Rosacece) 

Wild  Rose.     R.  nitida,  Willd. 

This    species    differs    from    R.    lucida    chiefly    in    the 
following'  items  : 

Flowers,  solitary  (rarely  in  twos  or  threes).  Petals,  red. 
Sepals,  entire.  June. 

Leaflets,  usually  narrow  and  pointed  at  each  end,  nearly 
stemless  excepting  the  end  one.  Stems,  reddened 
by  their  dense  covering  of  straight  and  slender 
prickles. 

Fruit,  scarlet. 

Found,  in  swampy  ground  from  Newfoundland  to  New 
England  and  New  York. 

A  shrub  one  to  two  feet  high. 

Carolina  Rose.     Swamp  Rose.     R.  Carolina,  L. 
Flowers,    in    leafy    clusters    of    three  to  seven  blossoms, 
large,    reel    to     white.       Petals,    slightly    two-lobed. 
Sepals,  spreading,  and  falling  away  after  flowering. 

Leaflets,  five  to  nine  (mostly  seven),  sharply  and  often 
doubly  fine-toothed,  dull  green,  not  shining  above, 
rather  variable  in  shape.  Prickles,  mostly  two  at  the 
base  of  each  leaf-stem. 

Fruit,  dark  red,  depressed  and  rounded. 

Found,  along  streams  and  in  swamps,  in  damp  woods  and 
thickets  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  and  westward. 

A  bushy  shrub  four  to  eight  feet  high  with  reddish 
stalks.      A  very  variable  species. 

Fig-  39- — Bland  Rose.     R.  Manila*  Ait. 

Flowers,  usually  large,  clustered  or  solitary.  Petals,  red- 
dish, with  a  small  notch  at  the  end.  Sepals,  entire, 
shorter  than  the  petals,  drawing  together  after  flow- 


Rose  ( Rosacece)  99 


Fig.  39.— Bland  Rose.     (R.  blanda,  Ait.) 


ioo  Rose  (Rosacece) 

ering,  and  not  falling  off.     Bracts,  under  the  blossom 
large  and  downy.     June. 

Leaflets,  five  to  seven,  toothed,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base, 
with  short  stems,  not  shining  above.  Leaf-stem,  un- 
armed. Stems,  with  a  reddish  bark.  Prickles,  none, 
or  few,  scattered  and  straight. 

Fruit,  rounded. 

Found,  among  rocks  and  on  open  hills  around  the  Great 
Lakes,  and  from  Newfoundland  to  Central  New  York. 

A  shrub  two  to  three  feet  high. 

Sweet  Brier.     Eglantine.     {R.  rubiginbsa,  L.} 

Flowers,  light  red,  mostly  solitary,  on  short,  bristly  stems, 
fragrant.  Sepals,  hairy,  with  slashed  or  toothed 
edge,  not  falling  off  in  ripening. 

Leaflets,  five  to  seven,  one  half  to  two  thirds  inches  long, 
usually  thickly  covered  beneath  with  resinous  glands, 
very  fragrant  when  crushed.  Leaf-stem,  hairy. 
Prickles,  mostly  strong  and  recurved. 

Fruit,  orange-red,  oblong  to  reverse  egg-shape. 

Found,  in   waste  fields  and  along  roadsides   from  South 

Carolina   and    Tennessee    northward.        Introduced 

from  Europe. 

A  stout  shrub  four  to  eight  feet  high. 

(6)   Genus  PYRUS,  L.      (Chokeberry,  etc.) 
Fig.  40. — Chokeberry.     P.  arbutifblia,  L.  f. 

Flowers,  white  or  reddish,  in  clusters,  usually  of  about 
twelve  blossoms.  Petals,  five,  roundish.  Calyx,  urn- 
shaped.  Styles,  united  toward  the  base.  Calyx  and 
flower-stem  downy  when  young.  May,  June. 


Fig.  40.— Chokeberry.    (P.  arbutifdlia,  L.  f.) 
Fig.  41. — Dogberry.     P.  nlgra  (Marsh),  Sargent. 


102 


Rose  (Rosacece) 


Leaves,  simple,  fine-toothed,  downy  beneath  when  young, 
marked  with  small  reddish  warts  along  the  midvein 
above,  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed  or 
blunt. 

Fruit,  dark  red  or  purple,  about  the  size  of  a  small  cur- 
rant, rounded  or  pear-shaped,  with  five  cells  and  ten 
seeds,  puckery.  A  berry-like  pome. 

Found,  in  damp  ground,  often  forming  extensive  thickets, 
common  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  and  westward. 

A  vigorous  shrub,  five  to  eight  feet  high. 

Fig.  41. — Dogberry.     P.  mgra  (Marsh),  Sargent.      (P.  arbutifblia 

var.  melanocdrpa,  Hook.) 

This  variety  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  these 
items  : 
Sepals,  Flower-stems,  and  Leaves,  all  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

Fruit,  larger,  black,  less  puckery  often  mistaken  by 
the  children  for  large  huckleberries  ;  ripening  earlier. 

Found,  often  in  dry  as  well  as  wet  ground. 
A  shrub  one  to  four  feet  high. 


FROM  NOTE  BOOK  : 
I. — "  What  do  you  call  that,  boys  ?  " 
Two  BOYS. — "  Dogberry.     It  ain't  good  to  eat  !  " 
I. — It  is  n't  poisonous,  is  it  ?  " 
Two  BOYS. — Yes,  't  is. 

Where  the  boys  found  that  name  I  do  not  know,  nor 
do  I  know  their  reasons  for  thinking  the  berry  poisonous. 
They  may  have  experimented,  or,  as  men  sometimes  do 
in  greater  matters,  they  may  simply  have  repeated  a 
slanderous  tradition.  I  remember  that  as  a  boy  I  often 


Rose  (  Rosacece)  103 

found  the  little  shrub  growing  among  the  huckleberry 
bushes,  and  was  afraid  of  mistaking  its  berries  for  the 
safe  huckleberries.  Yet  I  never  heard  of  any  case  of 
poisoning  from  them.  I  imagine  that  the  boys  were  right 
in  considering  the  berry  not  desirable  for  food,  but  I 
doubt  their  estimate  of  its  poisonous  qualities. 

(7)  Genus  CRATJEGUS.     (Thorn.     Haw.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  strength,"  because  of  the  firmness  of  the  wood. 

Flowers,  white,  rarely  rose  color,  in  clusters.  Petals,  five, 
rounded.  Stamens,  many.  Calyx-tube,  urn-shaped. 
Styles,  one  to  five.  Seed-cases,  one  to  five. 

Leaves,  simple,  toothed,  often  with  deep  clefts,  almost 
forming  small  lobes.  Stems,  armed  with  thorns. 

Fruit,  fleshy,  with  one  to  five  stones,  crowned  by  the 
persistent  sepals.  A  drupe. 


Sir  John  Mandeville  visited  Palestine  in  the  I4th 
century.  There  he  saw  a  crown  which  was  said  to  be  the 
Saviour's  "  crown  of  thorns."  He  comments  concerning  our 
Lord  and  the  crown  :  "  In  that  nyghte  that  He  was  taken, 
He  was  yled  into  a  gardyn  ;  and  there  He  was  first 
examyned  righte  scharply  ;  and  there  the  Jewes  scorned 
Hym,  and  maden  Hym  a  crowne  of  the  braunches  of  Albes- 
pyne,  that  is  White  Thorn,  that  grew  in  the  same  gardyn, 
and  setten  yt  on  His  head,  so  faste  and  so  sore,  that  the 
blood  ran  down  be  many  places  of  Hys  visage,  and  of 
Hys  necke,  and  of  Hys  schulders.  And  therefore  hath 
the  White  Thorn  many  vertues  ;  for  he  that  berethe  a 
braunche  on  him  thereof,  no  thondre,  ne  no  maner  of 
tempest  may  dere  him  ;  ne  in  the  hows  that  yt  is  inne 
may  non  evylle  gost  entre." 


104  Rose  (  Rosacece) 

"  T  is  commonly  say'd,  in  Germany,  that  the  Witches 
doe  meet  in  the  night  before  the  first  day  of  May,  upon 
an  high  mountain  called  the  Blocks-berg  ;  and  the  com- 
mon people  doe  the  night  before  ye  said  day  fetch  a 
certain  Thorn,  and  stick  it  at  their  house-door,  believing 
the  witches  can  then  doe  them  no  harm." — AUBREY. 

Fig.  42.— White  Thorn.     Scarlet-Fruited  Thorn.     Red  Haw. 

C.  coccinea,  L. 

Flowers,  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  across,  white  (often 
with  a  rosy  tinge),  twelve  or  so  in  a  bunch,  with  a 
strong  and  rather  disagreeable  odor.  May. 

Leaves,  with  five  to  nine  deep  cuts,  almost  forming  small 
lobes,  usually  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches 
long,  but  variable  in  size  even  on  the  same  tree,  thin, 
smooth,  shining.  Base,  usually  slightly  pointed,  but 
often  blunt  or  slightly  heart-shaped.  Leaf-stem, 
slender  (in  var.  macracdntha,  Dudley,  stout),  and 
often  with  small  wart-like  glands.  Branchlets,  usually 
greenish,  or  whitish  as  though  washed  with  silver. 
Thorns,  one  to  two  inches  long,  stout,  often  whitish, 
usually  slightly  curved. 

Fruit,  nearly  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  rounded  or  egg- 
shape  ;  bright  red  or  purple,  with  thin  pulp.  Some- 
what edible.  September. 

Found,  through  the  Atlantic  forests  southward  to  Northern 

Florida  and  Eastern  Texas. 
A  shrub  (or  often  a  low  tree)  ten  to  twenty  feet  high, 

with  crooked  and  spreading  branches  ;    very  common  in 

the  North,  rare  in  the  South. 

Var.  mollis  T.  and  G.,  with  its  leaves  downy,  at  least  on 

the  under  side,  and  with  its  red  fruit  large  and  downy,  is 

found  from  Central  Michigan  southward  and  westward. 


Rose  (Rosacece) 


Fig.  42.— White  Thorn.     (C.  coccinea,  L.)    (a)  Fruit. 
Fig.  43._Black  Thorn.     (C.  tomentdsa,  L.) 


106  Rose  ( Rosacecc) 

Pig    43. — Black  Thorn.     Pear  Thorn.     C.  tomentbsa,  L. 

Flowers,  often  one  inch  across,  white,  eight  to  twelve  in  a 
cluster,  fragrant.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  variable,  sometimes  with  quite  deep  and  sharp 
cuts,  almost  forming  small  lobes,  about  three  to  five 
inches  long,  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape,  tapering  in  a 
hollow  curve,  and  along  the  sides  of  the  leaf-stem  to 
a  point  ;  under  surface  downy,  at  least  when  young, 
permanently  downy  on  the  veins.  Leaf -stem,  bor- 
dered by  the  leaf,  to  its  base.  Thorns,  one  to  two 
inches  long.  Bark  of  trunk  smooth  and  gray,  new 
twi^s  litrht  o-reenish-brown. 

o  o          o 

Fruit,  about  one  half  inch  in  diameter,  round  or  pear- 
shaped,  orange-red  or  crimson  ;  edible.  October. 

Found,  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  Western  Florida, 
and  far  westward  ;  common. 

A  thickly  branching  shrub  (or  small  tree)  eight  to 
twenty  feet  high,  the  most  widely  distributed  of  the 
American  Thorns.  It  varies  greatly  in  size  and  in  the 

style  of  its  fruit  and  leaves. 

Fig.  44. — Cockspur  Thorn.     C.  crus-gdlli,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  fragrant,  in  clusters  of  about  fifteen  blos- 
soms on  very  short  side  branchlets.  June. 

Leaves,  sharply  toothed  toward  the  apex,  entire  below, 
one  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long,  thick,  very 
smooth,  and  shining  above,  reverse  egg-shape,  or 
reverse  lance-shape  to  somewhat  oval.  Apex,  usually 
rounded,  sometimes  pointed.  Base,  tapering  to  a 
point,  quite  variable.  Leaf-stem,  short.  Thorns, 
two  to  three  inches  long,  rather  slender,  and  straight. 


Rose  (  Rosacece) 


107 


Fig.  44.— Cockspur  Thorn.     (C.  crus-galli.  L.)    («)  Fruit. 
Fig>  45._Dwarf  Thorn.     (C.  unifl6ra,  Munch.)    (/>)  Fruit. 


io8  Rose  (  Rosacece) 

Fruit,  about  one  third  inch  in  diameter,  pear-shape  or 
round,  red,  remaining  during  the  winter. 

Found,  along  the  St.  Lawrence  and  westward,  and  from 
Vermont  southward  and  westward  ;  not  common. 

A  thick-branching  shrub  (or  small  tree)  ten  to  twenty 
feet  high.      It  is  the  best  species  of  thorn  for  hedges. 

Fig.  45. — Dwarf  Thorn.      C.   uniflbra,   Miinch.      C.  parvifblia,  Ait. 

Flowers,  solitary,  or  two  or  three  together,  appeari-ng 
with  the  leaves.  Sepals,  downy,  with  edges  slashed 
or  toothed,  as  long  as  the  petals.  Styles,  five. 
Flower-stems,  very  short,  downy.  April,  May. 

Leaves,  thick,  downy  when  young,  becoming  smooth  and 
shining  above,  one  half  to  one  and  one  half  inches 
long,  nearly  stemless.  Branchlets,  downy.  Thorns, 
straight  and  slender. 

Fruit,  round  or  pear-shape,  yellowish,  about  one  half 
inch  in  diameter  ;  edible. 

Found,  in  sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 
A  scraggy  shrub,  three  to  six  feet  high. 

The  English  Hawthorn  ( C.  oxyacdntha,  L.)  is  often 
found  in  cultivation  ;  rarely  naturalized  and  growing  wild. 

(8)   Genus  AMELANCHIER,  Medik.      (June-berry.) 

Fig.  46.— June-berry.  Shad-bush.  May  Cherry.  Service  Tree. 

A.  Canadc'nsis  (L.),  Medik. 

Flowers,  large,  white,  in  long,  loose  clusters  at  the  ends 
of  the  branchlets,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 
Petals,  lengthened.  Sepals,  downy  within.  Stamens, 
numerous,  and  short.  Styles,  five,  united  below. 


Calycantkus  (Calycantkacece) 


(a; 


Fig.  46.— June-berry.     A.  Canadensis  (L.),  Medik.     (a)  Fruit. 
Fig.  47.— Sweet-scented  Shrub.     (C.  nanus,  Loisel.) 


no        Caly  cant  hits  (Calycantkacecz) 

Seed-case,  five-celled,  but  becoming  ten-celled  by  false 
partitions,  with  ten  young-  seeds,  only  a  part  of 
which  sometimes  ripen. 

Leaves,  variable,  long  egg-shape  to  reverse  egg-shape. 
Base,  slightly  heart-shaped  or  rounded.  Apex,  some- 
times bristle-pointed,  usually  two  to  three  inches 
long,  somewhat  downy  when  young,  afterward  very 
smooth  above  and  below.  Bark,  of  branches  and 
twigs  usually  purplish-brown  and  very  smooth. 

Fruit,  berry-like,  round,  purplish,  sweet,  and  edible.  A 
pome.  June,  August. 

Found,    in    woods    and    along   streams,    common    in   the 

North,  rare  in  the  South. 

A  shrub  (or  sometimes  tree),  five  to  thirty  feet  high. 
A.  spicdta  (Lam.)  Dec.  (  Var.  oblongifblia,    Torr.  atid 

G.J,   A.  oligocdrpa   ( Mickx.)    Roem.,   and    A.   alnifblia, 

Nutt.,  are  smaller  forms  found  northward. 

The  name  "  shad-bush  "  is  given  because  the  shrub 
blossoms  about  the  time  the  shad  "  run." 

15.   Family  CALYCANTHACEyE.   (Calycanthus  Fam.) 
Genus  CALYCANTHUS,  L. 

Fig.  47.— Sweet-scented  Shrub.     Carolina  All-spice. 

C.  nanus,  Loisel.      (C.  lavagatus,  Willd.) 

Flowers,  reddish-brown,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
fragrant  when  crushed.  Petals  and  sepals,  similar  in 
color,  lance-shape,  rather  thick  and  fleshy,  numerous 
in  several  rows,  and  all  united  below  into  a  fleshy 
cup  or  tube.  Stamens,  usually  about  twelve.  Seed- 
cases,  few  or  many,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube.  May, 
August. 


Saxifrage  (Saxifragacecz)          \\\ 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules,  oblong, 
thin.  Apex,  blunt  or  taper-pointed,  smooth  or  nearly 
so  on  both  sides. 

Fruit,  many  times  larger  than  that  of  the  rose,  which  it 
somewhat  resembles,  enclosing  the  one-seeded  seed- 
case  ( aclienia) ,  dry  when  ripe.  A  covered  cluster  of 
achenes. 

Found,  in  Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  southward 
along  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

A    shrub   with    aromatic    bark,    foliage,   and   flowers. 
The  flowers  when  crushed  have  a  "  strawberry"  odor. 


C.  floridus,  with  larger  flowers  and  oval  leaves  downy 
beneath,  is  often  found  in  cultivation,  but  wild  only  in  the 
South. 

16.   Family  SAXIFRAGACE^.     (Saxifrage  Fam.) 

Flowers,  in  clusters.  Petals,  separate,  four  to  five  [absent  in  Hydran- 
gea (i)],  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the  calyx.  Sepals,  as  many 
as  the  petals.  Seed-case,  adherent  to  the  calyx.  Young  Seeds, 
small,  many. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate  or  opposite,  toothed  or  lobed. 

Fruit,  one-  to  two-celled,  many-seeded.     A  capsule  or  a  berry. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Leaves  opposite.  (i)  Hydrangea. 

"      alternate,  edge  fine-toothed  ;  Fruit,  a  capsule.  (2)  Itea. 

"     lobed  ;  Fruit,  a  juicy  berry.  (3)  Rlbes  (Currant,  etc.). 

(i)  Genus  HYDRANGEA,  L. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  water  "  and  "  vase  "  because  of  the  shape  of 
the  capsule. 

Fig.  48. — Wild  Hydrangea.     H.  arbore'scens,  L. 
Flowers,  in  clusters,  those  in  the  margin  usually  without 
petals,  stamens,  or  pistils,  and  with  colored  sepals  ; 
central   flowers  white,   becoming   rosy,   fertile,   with 


I  12 


Saxifrage  (Saxifragacece) 


four  or  five  egg-shaped  petals,  and  twice  as  many 
stamens.  Styles,  two,  diverging.  Seed-case,  two- 
beaked  and  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube. 

Leaves,  opposite,  toothed,  without  stipules,  smooth  or 
nearly  so,  egg-shape,  or  rarely  heart-shaped.  Apex, 
pointed. 

Fruit,  fifteen-ribbed,  two-beaked,  crowned  with  the  two 
styles,  two-celled  in  the  lower  part,  opening  by  a 
hole  between  the  beaks.  A  many-seeded  capsule. 

Found,  from  Pennsylvania  westward  and  southward. 

A  very  beautiful   shrub,   five  or  six  feet  high,  often 
cultivated  for  its  abundant  flower  clusters. 

(2)   Genus  ITEA,  Gronov. 

Greek  name  of  the  "  willow." 
Fig.  49. — ftea.     /.  Virginica,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  in  somewhat  spike-like,  terminal  clusters, 
small.  Petals,  five,  separate,  lance-shaped,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens,  five,  shorter  than 
the  petals.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  fine-toothed,  with  short  stems, 
without  stipules. 

Fruit,  oblong,  two-grooved,  two-celled,  tipped  with  the 
two  united  styles,  when  ripe  two-parted.  Seeds, 
eight  to  twelve,  oval  and  somewhat  flattened.  A 
capsule. 

Found,  in  wet  places,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  and 
southward. 

A  shrub  about  six  feet  high. 


Saxifrage  (Saxifragacecz) 


Fig.  48.— Wild  Hydrangea.     (H.  arborSscens,  L.) 


1 14          Saxifrage  (Saxifragacecz) 

(3)  Genus  RIBES,  L.      (Gooseberry,  Currant.) 

Flowers,  small,  white,  greenish,  or  purple.     Petals,  five.     Stamens,  five. 

Calyx,  often  colored.     Seed-case,  united  to  the  calyx,  one-celled, 

many-seeded.     Styles,  two,  distinct  or  united. 
Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  edges  lobed,  the  lobes  more  or  less  toothed, 

folded  fan-like  in  the  bud.     Stem,  smooth  in  the  currants,  in  the 

gooseberry  with  spines,  and  often  with  prickles. 
Fruit,  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  calyx,  many-seeded.     A  berry. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

Flowers,  greenish  or  purplish.     Stems  with  thorns  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stems,  and 

usually  with  scattered  prickles,     (i  to  5)  gooseberries. 
Flowers,  whitish.     Stems  without  thorns  or  prickles.     (6  and  7)  currants. 

Fig.  50. — (i)  Prickly  Gooseberry.     R.  cyndsbati,  L. 

Flowers,  greenish-white,  drooping  in  clusters  of  one  to 
three  blossoms.  Lobes  of  the  calyx,  much  shorter 
than  its  tube.  Stamens,  and  undivided  Style,  not 
longer  than  the  calyx.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  three-  to  five-lobed.  Leaf-stem,  downy.  Stems, 
mostly  without  scattered  prickles,  but  with  one  to 
three  spines  near  the  axil  of  each  leaf. 

Fruit,  large,  usually  armed  with  long  prickles,  brownish- 
purple  ;  edible. 

Found,  from  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  northward 
and  westward  ;  common. 

A  shrub  about  four  feet  high. 

(2)  Common  Wild  Gooseberry.  R.  oxyacanthoides,  L. 
Flowers,  greenish  or  purplish,  in  drooping  clusters  of  one 
to  three  blossoms.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  much  longer 
than  the  short  tube.  Stamens,  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  broadly  oblong  calyx-lobes.  Style,  two-cleft. 
Flower-stems,  short.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  roundish,  heart-shaped,  three-  to  five-lobed.    Spines, 


Saxifrage  (Saxifragacece)          115 


w 


Fig.  49.— Itea.   (I.  Virginica,  L.) 
Fig.  50.— Prickly  Gooseberry.     (R.  cyndsbati,  L.) 


u6          Saxifrage  (Saxifragacea) 

whitish,  and  often  numerous.      Old  bark,  often  pealing 

off  and  leaving  the  stems  unarmed. 
Fruit,  smooth,  purple,  sweet. 
Found,  from  Newfoundland  to  New  Jersey,  and  westward. 

(3)  Round-Leaved  Gooseberry.    R.  rotundifblium,  Michx. 
This  species  differs  from  the  common  wild  gooseberry 
chiefly  in  these  items  : 
Stamens,    somewhat    longer    than     the    spatulate-oblong 

calyx-lobes. 

Leaves,  roundish,  and  not  usually  heart-shaped  at  baSfc. 
Found,  from  western  Massachusetts  and  New  York  south- 
ward. 

(4)  Missouri  Gooseberry.     R.  grdcile,  Michx. 
This  species  differs  from  the  common  wild  gooseberry 
chiefly  in  these  items  : 
Stamens,  becoming  much  longer  than  the  narrowly  oblong 

calyx-lobes. 
Leaves,  roundish. 

Spines,  often  long,  stout,  and  red. 
Found,  from  Michigan  to  Tennessee,  and  westward. 

Fig.  51.— (5)  Swamp  Gooseberry.     R.  lacustre,  Poir. 

Flowers,  in  a  drooping  cluster  of  five  to  eight  blossoms, 
greenish,  small,  flattened.  Stamens  and  style  not 
longer  than  the  petals.  Style,  two-cleft.  May. 

Leaves,  heart-shaped,  three-  to  five-lobed.  Young  stems, 
covered  thickly  with  reddish  prickles  and  with  slim 
thorns.  Old  stems,  slightly  armed  with  a  few  spines. 

Fruit,  dark-purple,  small,  bristly,  unpleasant  to  the  taste. 

Found,  in  cold  woods  and  swamps  from  New  England 
northward  and  westward. 


Saxifrage  (Saxifragacecz) 


n7 


Fig.  51.— Swamp  Gooseberry.     (R.  lactistre,  Poir.) 
Fig.  52.— Wild  Red  Currant.    (R.  rubrum,  L.,  var.  subglanduldsum,  Maxim.) 


1 1 8        Witch-Hazel  (Hamamelidece) 

(6)  Wild  Black  Currant.     R.  fldridum,  L'Her. 
Flowers,  large,   whitish,   in   drooping,    downy  clusters  of 

many  blossoms.      Calyx,  tubular,  bell-shape,  smooth. 

Petals,   fringed   toward    the    base.      Stamens,    short. 

Flower-stems,    downy.      Bracts,  narrow,   and   longer 

than  the  flower-stems.      May,  June. 
Leaves,  three-  to  five-lobed,  the  surface  marked  on  both 

sides  with  yellowish,  resinous  dots.     Stems,  without 

thorns  or  prickles,  grayish. 

Fruit,  somewhat  egg-shape,  insipid,  black,  and  smooth. 
Found,    in    woods    and    hedges    from    New    England   to 

Virginia,  and  westward. 
A  handsome  and  common  bush  three  to  four  feet  high. 

Fig.  52.— (7)  Wild  Red  Currant.      R.  riibrum,  L.,  var.   subglan- 
dulbsum,  Maxim. 

This   species    differs    from    the    Black    Currant    ( R. 

fldridum)  chiefly  in  these  items  : 
Flower-clusters,  less  downy.      Calyx,  flat. 
Leaves,  often  with  less  pointed  lobes. 
Fruit,  round,  red. 

Found,  in  swamps  and  damp  woods  from  New  Jersey 
northward  and  westward. 

A  shrub  with  straggling  and  sometimes  reclining  stems. 

17.   Family  HAMAMELIDEyE.     (Witch-Hazel  Fam.) 

Genus  HAMAMELIS,  L. 
Fig-  53-— Witch  Hazel.     H.  Virginica,  L. 

Flowers,  stemless,  bright-yellow,  in  clusters  of  three  to 
four  blossoms,  blooming  profusely  about  the  time  of 
the  ripening  of  the  leaf.  Petals,  four,  separate,  about 


Witch-Hazel  ( Hamamelidece )       119 


(c; 


Fig.  53.— Witch-Hazel.    (H.  Virginica,  L.) 

(a)  Fruit.       (b)  Flower-cluster.       (c)  Single  blossom. 


I2O 


Witch-Hazel  (Hamamelidece) 


three  quarters  of  an  inch  long,  very  narrow  (strap- 
like)  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Sepals,  four,  downy. 
Stamens,  eight,  very  short,  four  of  them  perfect,  with 
anthers,  the  others  imperfect  and  scale-like.  Styles, 
two,  short.  Pistils,  two,  united  below,  so  forming  a 
seed-case  which  is  two-beaked,  two-celled,  two-  to 
several-seeded,  and  partly  adherent  to  the  calyx. 
The  brown  scale-like  remains  of  the  flower  envelopes 
remain  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  next  year. 
October,  November. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  edge  strongly  wavy,  at  times 
with  some  of  the  waves  sharpened,  three  to  five 
inches  long,  rounded,  oval,  or  inversely  egg-shape. 
Base,  slightly  heart-shaped  and  unequal.  Apex, 
sometimes  round  and  sometimes  with  a  slight  blunted 
point,  sometimes  roughened  with  small  brown  hairs 
along  the  back  of  the  veins,  shiny  underneath,  dark 
green  above,  veins  straight. 

Fruit,  two-celled,  with  two  large,  hard  seeds  (a  favorite 
food  of  the  partridges),  ripening  in  the  summer  from 
the  previous  autumn's  flowers.  A  nut-like  capsule. 
September. 

Found,  in  damp  woods,  very  widely  distributed. 

A  shrub  six  to  twelve  feet  high,  with  long  straggling 
stems  and  branches,  well  worthy  of  cultivation  because  of 
its  uniqueness  throughout. 

Riding  one  day  in  a  slow  stage  across  the  hills  of 
Central  New  York,  a  fellow-passenger — a  lady — gave  me 
this  bit  of  information  :  "  Once  when  my  grandfather  was 
seriously  sick,  there  came  to  visit  him  an  Oneida  Indian, 
who  prescribed  for  him  to  his  great  relief.  Afterward  he 


Witch-Hazel  (Hamamelidecz)       121 

learned  from  the  Indian  what  the  medicine  was, — that  it 
was  an  extract  of  Witch-Hazel,  and  received  directions 
for  its  preparation.  He  prepared  it  and  sold  it  very 
widely,  calling  it  from  his  own  name  '  Pond's  Extract.' 
Now  the  receipt  and  all  rights  are  held  by  a  New  York 
and  London  Company  called  the  '  Pond's  Extract  Co.'  " 

One  reason  for  the  popular  name  of  the  plant  is  faith 
in  its  power  of  indicating  the  presence  of  hidden  springs. 
A  man  slowly  paces  the  ground  holding  a  switch  of  the 
hazel.  Presently  he  thinks  he  feels  the  stick  turning 
strongly  in  his  grasp.  He  digs  at  the  spot  indicated, 
very  likely  finds  water — if  he  digs  far  enough, — and  so 
has  his  belief  confirmed. 

The  slender  branches  are  very  tough — "awful  tough, 
so  's  you  can  tie  up  rails  with  'em  " — as  a  man  once  de- 
scribed them  to  me. 

"  Among  the  crimson  and  yellow  hues  of  the  falling 
leaves,  there  is  no  more  remarkable  object  than  the 
Witch-Hazel  in  the  moment  of  parting  with  its  foliage, 
putting  forth  a  profusion  of  showy  yellow  blossoms,  and 
giving  to  November  the  counterfeited  appearance  of 
spring." 

It  is  by  far  the  most  unique  and  weird-like  of  all  our 
shrubs.  It  deserves  its  name. 

You  tangled  bush 
With  frost-killed  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers 

That  outward  push 
In  spite  of  ice  and  autumn  hours  ; 
You  weird,  wild  thing  o'-th'-woods 
Ycleped  witch-hazel,  broods 
A  ghoul,  I  fear, 
Within  you  here, 


1 2  2  Ginseng  (A  rahacece) 

With  witch-power  fell, 

That  's  proof  'gainst  book  and  bell  ;- 
Else  how,  'mid  early  ice  and  snow 

And  killing  cold, 
Can  petal-lines  of  living  gold 

Unfold  them  so  ? 
Unless,  indeed,  you  hazel  wild, 

Your  heart  like  mine, 
Has  learned  at  last  the  lesson  mild, 

The  law  divine, 

That  ice  nor  snow 

Nor  winds  that  blow 

Can  freeze  the  flowers 

That  glow 

In  happy  hearts,  and  hazel  bowers, — 
That  glow  alike  in  darkest  night 

And  days  of  light ; 

You  hazel-bush,  whose  yellow  flowers, 
Are  spring-time  smiles  in  autumn  hours. 


18.   Family  ARALlACE^.     (Ginseng  Fam.) 
Genus  ARALIA,  Tourn. 

Fig.  54. — Angelica  Tree.     Hercules' Club.     Devil's  Walking- 
Stick.     A.  spinbsa,  L. 

Flowers,  small  and  whitish,  in  large  loose  clusters  above 
the  leaves  at  the  top  of  the  tree.  Petals,  five,  not 
united.  Stamens,  five,  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Styles,  five.  Seed-case,  adherent  to  the  calyx,  five- 
celled,  five-seeded.  July,  August. 

Leaves,  twice  or  thrice  compound,  odd-feathered,  alternate, 
about  three  feet  long  and  one  and  one  half  feet  wide. 
Leaflets,  very  numerous,  one  and  a  half  to  three 
inches  long,  sharp-toothed,  egg-shape.  Base,  rounded 
or  slightly  heart-shaped.  Apex,  pointed,  very  prickly, 
rough  above  and  below.  Leaf -stem  and  leaflet-stems, 


Fig.  54.— Angelica  Tree.    (A.  spindsa,  L.) 

Part  of  the  compound  leaf. 


124 


Dogwood  (Cornacece) 


beset  with  remote   prickles.      Stems  and  branches,  set 

with  short,  stout  prickles. 
Fruit,    black     or    dark    purple,     five-celled,     five-seeded, 

crowned  with  the  remains   of  the  calyx  and  styles. 

A  berry-like  drupe. 
Found,  on  river  banks  and  in  damp  woods,  Pennsylvania, 

and  Ohio,  and  southward,  and  often  in  cultivation. 
A  shrub  or  small  tree  eight  to  twelve  feet  high,  with 
the  great  compound  leaves  mostly  crowded  toward  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  and  fierce  with  its  club-like  prickly 
stems.  In  the  South  it  gains  a  height  sometimes  of 
twenty  to  thirty  feet,  with  straight,  bare  trunk,  showing  a 
more  palm-like  style  than  any  other  of  our  trees. 

19.    Family  CORNACE^.      (Dogwood  Fam.) 
Genus  CORNUS,  Tourn.      (Dogwood,  Cornel.) 

From  a  word  meaning  "  horn,"  referring  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood. 

Flowers,  whitish,  small,  in  flat  or  convex  clusters.  Petals, 
four,  not  united,  oblong,  spreading.  Calyx,  minutely 
four-toothed.  Stamens,  four.  Style,  one.  Seed-case, 
one,  adherent  to  the  calyx,  two-celled,  two-seeded. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite  (except  in  C.  alt ernif olid],  entire. 
Veins,  prominent,  strongly  and  regularly  curved. 
Bark,  bitter  and  tonic. 

Fruit,  small,  rounded,  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the 
flowers  ;  berry-like,  with  a  two-celled  and  two-seeded 
stone.  A  berry-like  drupe. 

FiS-  55-~Round- Leaved  Cornel.     Round-Leaved  Dogwood. 

C.  circinata,  L" Her. 

Flowers,  in  flat  loose  clusters.-    June. 

Leaves,  round,  oval,  three  to  five  inches  long,  larger  than 
in  any  other  of  the  Dogwoods,  thickly  white  woolly 
beneath.  Branches,  greenish,  dotted  with  warts. 

Fruit,  light  blue,  soft,  hollow  at  the  base.      September. 


Dogwood  (Cornacece) 


I25 


55-— Round-Leaved  Cornel.     (C.  circinata,  L'Her.) 


i26  Dogwood  (  Cornacece) 

Found,    from     Maryland    westward    and    northward,    on 

shady  banks,  and  in  thickets. 
A    shrub    four    to    ten    feet    high,   with   straight  and 

slender  branches. 

Silky  Cornel  or  Dogwood.     Kinnikinnik.     C.  sericea,  L. 

Flowers,  in  flat  and  close  clusters.     June. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long  and  half  as  broad,  narrow 
egg-shape  to  lance-shape.  Base,  rounded  and  some- 
times tapering,  silky  downy  beneath.  Branches, 
purplish.  Young  shoots,  dark  red.  Branchlets  and 
stalks,  silky  downy. 

Fruit,  blue. 

Found,  in  wet  ground,  United  States  and  Canada. 

A  shrub  three  to  ten  feet  high. 
Long- Leaved  Cornel  or  Dogwood.     C.  asperifblia,  Michx. 

Flowers,  in  flat  clusters. 

Leaves,  egg-shape  and  oblong.  Apex,  pointed.  Base, 
rounded  or  pointed,  rough  above,  soft  downy  be- 
neath. Leaf-stem,  rough  and  rather  short.  Branches, 
brownish.  Branchlets,  rough. 

Fruit,  white,  rounded,  often  with  red  stems. 

Found,  from  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Erie  to  Minne- 
sota, and  southward. 
A  tall  shrub. 
Red-Osier  Dogwood  or  Cornel.     C.  stolonifera,  Michx. 

Flowers,  in  small,  flat,  and  smooth  clusters  of  rather  few 
and  loosely  arranged  blossoms. 

Leaves,  broad  egg-shape.  Base,  rounded.  Apex,  short- 
pointed,  minutely  downy  above,  whitish  downy  be- 
neath. Branches  and  branchlets,  smooth  ;  the  shcots 
(and  usually  the  branches)  reddish-purple — toward 
the  end  of  winter  almost  blood-red. 


Dogwood  (  Cornacecz)  1 2  7 

Fruit,  white  or  bluish-white. 

Found,  in  wet  places  ;  common,  especially  northward. 

A  shrub  three  to  six  feet  high,  with  slender,  spreading 
branches.  It  multiplies  freely  by  sending  up  long,  wand- 
like  shoots — "  suckers  " — soon  forming  broad  clumps. 

Panicled    Cornel    or    Dogwood.       C.    candidissima,   Marsh.      C. 
paniculata,  LHer. 

Flowers,   in    many  small,  loose,  convex,  or  cone-shaped 

clusters.  May,  June. 
Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long,  egg-shape  to  long  oval. 

Apex,  taper-pointed.     Base,  acute  or  rounded,  whitish 

beneath,    not    downy.       Branches,   grayish,    smooth. 

Shoots,  chestnut-color. 
Fruit,  white,  rounded,  the  size  of  peas,  with  the  stalk, 

when  ripe,  of  a  pale  scarlet.     August,  September. 

Found,  in  thickets,  along  river  banks,  etc.  ;  common. 

A  shrub  four  to  ten  feet  high,  much  branching,  showy, 
with  its  abundant  flower  and  fruit  clusters. 

Alternate-Leaved  Cornel  or  Dogwood.     C.  alternifblia,  L.  f. 

Flowers,  in  wide  open  clusters.      May,  June. 
Leaves,   alternate,    mostly   clustered   at   the  ends    of   the 
branches,  egg-shape    to   reverse  egg-shape.       Apex, 
pointed.      Base,   pointed,   minutely  downy  beneath. 
Branches,    greenish,    oftenest    marked    with    white, 
warty  streaks. 
Fruit,  rounded,  deep  blue  or  black  on  reddish  fruit-stalks, 

much  liked  by  the  birds.     August. 

Found,  from  Georgia  and  Alabama,  northward  and  west- 
ward. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  beauti- 
ful in  cultivation.  The  bark  forms  one  of  the  "  Quaker 
medicines,"  being  considered  diaphoretic  and  astringent. 


CLASS  FIRST— CONTINUED 

(A  ngiosperma) 


Division  II 

PETALS  MOSTLY  UNITED 

(  Gamope'talous) 


129 


2O. 


Family  CAPRIFOLlACEyE.     (Honeysuckle  Fam.) 


Flowers,  variously  clustered.  Corolla  of  united  petals,  tubular  or 
wheel-shaped,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Stamens,  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  on  it.  Seed-case,  two-  to  five- 
celled,  adherent  to  the  calyx. 

Leaves,  simple  or  compound,  opposite. 

Fruit,  a  berry,  drupe,  or  capsule. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

(a)  Leaves  compound.  (i)  Sambucus  (Elders). 

(a)  Leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed  (except  } 

in  Withe-rod)  corolla  regular,   fruit  a  [-(2)  Viburnum  (Arrow-woods,  etc.). 
one-seeded  drupe.  ) 

(a)  Leaves  simple,  entire. 

(b)  Corolla  regular  ;    fruit  a  two-seeded  |  /  \  c 

berry.      £  j-  (3)  Symphoncarpos  (Snowberry,  etc.  I. 

(/')  Corolla   irregular ;    fruit    a    two-    to  )  ,  *. 

three-seeded  berry.  [  (4)  Lomcera  (Fly-Honeysuckles.) 

(a)  Leaves    simple,     toothed;     corolla    only) 

slightly   irregular  ;    fruit   a    many-  [•  (5)  Diervilla  (Bush-Honeysuckle), 
seeded  capsule.  ) 

(i)   Genus   SAMBUCUS,   Tourn.      (Elder.) 
Fig.  56.— Common  Elder.     A  Canadensis,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  small,  with  a  heavy  odor,  in  clusters  that 
are  flat,  five  to  seven  times  parted,  and  five  to  eight 
inches  in  diameter.  Corolla,  five-cleft,  with  the  lobes 
blunt.  Calyx,  small.  Stamens,  five.  May,  July. 

Leaves,    compound,    opposite.        Leaflets,    five    to    eleven 

(oftenest  seven),  two  to  four  inches  long,  egg-shape 

to  oblong  and  reverse  egg-shape,  mostly  smooth,  the 

lower  ones   often  two-  or  three-parted,  with  a  rank 

130 


Honeysuckle  (  Caprifoliacece )        131 


Fig.  56.— Common  Elder.     (S.  Canad^nsis,  L.)    (d)  Flower  enlarged. 


132         Honeysuckle  (  Caprifoliacece ) 

odor  when  crushed.  Leaf-stems,  smooth.  Bark, 
warty,  that  of  the  new  shoots  bright  green,  that  of 
the  older  branches  purplish-brown,  or  in  winter  light 
grayish.  Branches,  swollen  at  the  joints.  Pith, 
abundant  and  white. 

Fruit,  small,  black-purple  when  ripe,  round,  pulpy,  abun- 
dant, three-seeded,  with  dark,  crimson  juice.  August, 
September. 

Found,  in  waste  places,  often  forming  thickets ;  very  com- 
mon north,  south,  east,  and  west. 

A  shrub  six  to  ten  feet  high,  with  weak,  pithy,  large- 
jointed  branches.  "  In  domestic  medicine  this  plant 
forms  almost  a  pharmacy  in  itself,"  flowers,  leaves,  leaf- 
buds,  inner-bark,  berries — all  are  used.  Elder-blow  tea 
(an  infusion  of  the  flowers),  when  cold,  is  alterative  and 
laxative  ;  when  hot,  an  excitant.  The  inner  bark  is  used 
in  preparing  ointments ;  the  juice  of  the  berries  makes  a 
cooling  laxative  drink,  and  is  made  also  into  a  medicinal 
"elder-berry  wine."  The  berries  are  used  in  cookery. 
The  unopened  flower-buds  are  pickled  and  used  as  a  good 
substitute  for  "  capers."  An  infusion  of  the  juice  forms 
a  delicate  test  for  the  presence  of  acids  and  alkalies.  The 
pith  of  the  stems  furnishes  the  best  pith  balls  for  electrical 
experiments. 

Red-berried  Elder.     S.  pitbens,  Michx.     S.  racembsa.  L. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  the 
following  items  : 

Flowers,  in  egg-shaped  or  pyramidal  clusters.      May. 
Leaflets,  five  to  seven  (oftenest  five),  long  oval  to  lance- 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)         i33 

shape,  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  very  downy  when 
young. 

Leaf -stem,  downy  beneath  when  young,  often  purple  above. 
Pith,  brown. 

Fruit,    bright    red    (or    rarely   white)  with    a  yellowish, 
unpleasant-tasting  pulp.     June. 

Found,  from  Georgia  northward  and  westward. 
A  shrub  two  to  eighteen  feet  high. 


(2)  Genus  VIBURNUM,  L.     (Arrow-wood,  etc.) 

Flowers,  white,  in  flat,  compound  clusters.  Corolla,  spreading,  and 
deeply  five-lobed.  Calyx,  five-toothed,  the  lobes  blunt.  Stamens, 
five.  Stigmas,  one  to  three.  Seed-cases,  one-  to  three-celled. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  toothed  (excepting  in  species  No.  8,  Withe- 
rod),  lobed  in  No.  2,  Cranberry  Tree  ;  No.  3,  Few-Flowered  Vi- 
burnum ;  and  No.  4,  Dockmackie. 

Fruit,  soft,  pulpy,  one-celled,  one-seeded.     A  one-seeded  drupe. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

(a)  Flower-clusters  with  the  outer  blossoms  imperfect  (destitute  of  stamens  and 

pistils). 

(£)  Leaves  not  lobed  (r)  Hobble-Bush. 

\b)  leaves  three-lobed  (2)  Cranberry  Tree. 

(a)  Flower-clusters  with  the  blossoms  perfect 

and  alike. 

,,,  .  ,        .  ,     ,  (    (3)  Few-Flowered  Viburnum  ; 

(t)  Leaves  three-lobed  j    gj  Dockmackie. 

(h)  Leaves  not  lobed. 

(r)Edge   coarsely   toothed,    clusters      (5)  Arrow-wood ; 
stalked 


(<•)  Edge  -entire  or  nearly  so 


(6)  Soft  Viburnum  ; 

(7)  Downy  Viburnum. 

(8)  Withe-rod  ( V.  nuduni) ; 

(9)  Withe-rod  ( V.  cassinoides). 


(c)  Edge  fine-toothed,  clusters  sessile    (10)  Black  Haw. 


134        Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

Fig.  57._(i)  Hobble-Bush.      American  Wayfaring  Tree. 

V.  lantanbides,  Michx. 

Flowers,  in  a  sessile  cluster,  the  outer  ones  showy  and 
imperfect,  lacking  pistils  and  stamens,  and  with  the 
flat  corollas  much  enlarged  (nearly  one  inch  across)  ; 
greenish,  changing  to  white  ;  with  five  rounded  lobes  ; 
the  inner  flowers  much  smaller  and  perfect.  May. 

Leaves,  four  to  eight  inches  across.  Veins  and  veinlets, 
beneath,  and  the  leaf-stems  very  brown-scurfy. 

Fruit,  egg-shape,  bright  red,  becoming  almost  black,  not 
acid.  Stone,  grooved.  September. 

Found,  in  cool,  damp  woods,  from  Pennsylvania  north- 
ward. 

A  very  straggling  shrub  about  five  feet  high,  its  long, 
almost  rope-like  branches  often  reclining  and  taking  root, 
so  forming  troublesome  "  hobbles  "  for  any  careless  way- 
farer among  them. 


Fig.  58.— (2)  Bush  Cranberry.     Cranberry  Tree.      High 
Cranberry.     V.  dpulus,  L. 

Flower-clusters,  three  to  four  inches  across,  resembling  the 
last,  but  not  sessile.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  three  and  one  half  to  five  inches  wide,  strongly 
three-veined  from  the  base  ;  three-lobed,  the  lobes 
more  or  less  toothed  along  the  sides,  entire  in  the 
hollows.  Base,  broad,  wedge-shaped,  rounded,  or 
squared.  Leaf-stem,  with  small,  wart-like  glands  near 
the  upper  end.  Stipules,  almost  thread-like. 


135  Fig.  57.— Hobble-Bush.     (V.  lantanoides,  Michx.) 


136         Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

Fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  cranberry,  round  or  egg-shape, 
light  red,  acid,  ripening  late  and  remaining  after  the 
leaves  have  fallen.  Stone,  very  flat,  not  grooved. 
September. 

Found,  in  borders  of  fields  and  along  streams  from  Penn- 
sylvania northward  and  westward. 

A  handsome  shrub  three  to  ten  feet  high,  showy  in 
flower  and  in  fruit,  well  worthy  of  cultivation.  The  fruit, 
in  appearance  and  in  taste  is  somewhat  like  the  cran- 
berry, as  a  poor  substitute  for  which  it  is  often  used. 


The  common  garden  "snowball"  or  "Guelder  rose" 
is  a  cultivated  form  of  this  species,  with  all  the  blossoms 
in  the  round  clusters  changed  to  the  larger  imperfect 
form, — clusters  that  are  described  by  Cowper  as 

"  Silver  globes,  light  as  the  foamy  surf 
That  the  wind  severs  from  the  broken  wave." 


(3)  Few-Flowered  Viburnum.     V.  pauciflbrum,  Pylaie. 

Flowers,  in  small  clusters  of  few  blossoms  on  short  side 
branches. 

Leaves,  somewhat  three-lobed  toward  the  end,  rounded, 
mostly  with  five  veins  from  the  base. 

Fruit,  much  as  in  the  preceding  species. 

Found,  occasionally  in  the  mountains  of  New  England, 
and  northward  and  westward. 

A  small,  straggling  bush,  nearly  smooth  throughout. 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)        137 


Fig>  58.— Bush  Cranberry.     (V.  dpulus,  L.) 


138         Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

Fig.  59. — (4)  Dockmackie.      Maple-Leaved  Arrow-wood. 

V.  acerifblium,  L. 

Flowers,  all  perfect,  in  small,  flat,  terminal,  long-stemmed 
clusters.  Stamens,  extending  beyond  the  corolla. 
May,  June. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long,  closely  resembling  in 
shape  the  leaf  of  the  red  maple  ;  strongly  three- 
veined  from  the  base,  soft-downy  beneath.  Base, 
rounded  or  heart-shaped.  Bark,  yellowish-green. 

Fruit,  crimson,  changing  to  dark-purple  or  black,  dis- 
agreeable to  the  taste.  Stone,  thin,  of  the  shape  of  a 
double  convex-lens,  scarcely  grooved. 

Found,  in  cool  woods  from  North  Carolina  northward  and 
westward. 

A  shrub  three  to  six  feet  high,  the  branches  often 
straight  and  slender,  "arrow-like,"  and  ending  with  a 
pair  of  leaves  and  the  flower-cluster. 

Fig.  60. — (5)  Arrow-wood.      V.  dentatum,  L. 
Flowers,  perfect,  clusters  not  sessile.      June. 

Leaves,  egg-shape  to  rounded,  mostly  smooth,  coarsely 
toothed.  Veins,  beneath  prominent,  straight,  and 
usually  with  downy  tufts  in  their  axils.  Base, 
sometimes  slightly  heart-shaped.  Leaf-stems,  rather 
slender.  Young  shoots,  mostly  smooth.  Bark,  ash- 
colored  ;  on  old  stems,  nearly  black. 

Fruit,  about  one  quarter  inch  long,  slightly  lengthened, 
dark  blue.  Stone,  very  deeply  grooved. 

Found,  in  damp  woods  and  thickets  from  Northern 
Georgia  northward  and  westward  ;  not  uncommon. 

A  shrub  five  to  fifteen  feet  high,  often  with  straight, 
arrow-like  shoots. 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)        139 


Fig.  59.— Maple-Leaved  Arrow-wood.    (V.  acerifdlium,  L.) 


140        Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

(6)  Soft  Viburnum.     V.  molle,  Michx. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  the 
following  items  : 

Flowers,  rather  larger.      Clusters,  downy. 

Leaves,  egg-shape  to  reverse  egg-shape,  downy  beneath. 
Young  shoots  and  branchlets,  downy. 

Fruit,  larger  and  more  pointed.  Stones,  rather  less 
deeply  grooved. 

Found,  from  Martha's  Vineyard  southward. 

Fig.  6l. — (7)   Downy  Arrow-wood.      V. pube'scens,  Pursh. 

Flowers,  rather  larger  than  in  K  dentatum.  Clusters, 
small  and  few-flowered.  June. 

Leaves,  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed  or  long-pointed.  Veins, 
less  marked  than  in  V.  dentatum.  Leaf-stems,  very 
short,  with  two  short,  hairy,  stipule-like  appendages 
at  base.  Leaves  beneath  and  leaf-stem  downy,  at 
least  when  young. 

Fruit,  nearly  black.  Stone,  flat  and  slightly  grooved  on 
each  side. 

Found,  in  dry  woods  and  thickets  from  Georgia  north- 
ward. 

A  straggling  shrub  about  six  feet  high. 

Fig.  62.— (8)  Withe-rod.      V.  nudum,  L. 

Flowers,  in  large  clusters  with  a  stem  one  to  two  inches 
long.  April,  June. 

Leaves,  variable,  two  to  four  inches  long,  oval  to  lance- 
shape,  edge  entire  or  obscurely  toothed,  often  slightly 
rolled  ;  smooth,  not  shining,  no  stipule-like  append- 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 


Fig.  60.- Arrow-wood.     (V.  dentatum,  L.) 
Fig.  6 1. -Downy  Arrow-wood.     (V.  pubSscens,  Pursh.) 


142         Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

ages.      Slwots,  branchlets,  etc.,    often    slightly  scurfy- 
dotted. 

Fruit,  about  one  quarter  inch  long,  slightly  lengthened, 
blackish,  sweet.  Stone,  broadly  oval  or  round,  very 
flat  and  even. 

Found,  from  New  Jersey  southward. 

A  very  variable  shrub  (or  sometimes  a  small  tree)  ten 
to  twenty  feet  high. 

(9)  Withe-rod.      V.  cassinotdes,  L. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  ( V.  nudum) 
chiefly  in  the  following  items  : 

Flower -cluster,  usually  with  a  shorter  stem. 
Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long. 

Shoots,  scurfy-dotted. 

Found,  from  New  Jersey  northward  and  westward. 

Fig.  63.— (10)  Black  Haw.  Sloe.  Stag-Bush.    V.pruni folium,  L. 

Flowers,  in  rather  large  and  flat  three-  to  five-rayed  sessile 
clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  May. 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long,  smooth,  shining  above, 
broadly-oval  to  broadly-reverse  egg-shape,  finely  and 
sharply  toothed.  Apex,  rounded  or  pointed.  Leaf- 
stem,  short  and  smooth,  the  edges  slightly  and  evenly 
winged  ;  variable. 

Fruit,  oval,  blackish,  sweet  and  eatable. 

Found,  in  Connecticut  and  Southern  New  York,  westward 
to  Michigan,  and  southward. 

A  bush   (or  a  small  tree)   ten   to   twenty  feet   high. 
The  bark  is  sometimes  used  as  a  tonic. 


Fig.  62.— Withe-rod.     (V.  nfcdum,  L.) 
Fig-  63.— Black  Haw.     (V.  prunifdlium,  L.) 


144        Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

(3)  Genus  SYMPHORICARPOS,  Dill.      (Snowberry,  etc.) 

From  Greek  words  meaning  "to  bear  together"  and  "fruit,"  because  of  the 
clustered  berries. 

Flowers,  white  with  a  rosy  or  purplish  tinge  in  clusters  or 
spikes,  or  sometimes  solitary.  Corolla,  bell-shaped, 
four-  to  five-lobed.  Calyx,  with  short  teeth.  Stamens, 
four  or  five,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 
Stigma,  rounded.  Seed-case,  four-celled,  but  with 
only  two  of  the  cells  containing  perfect  young  seeds. 

Leaves,  simple,  broad-oval  to  oblong,  opposite,  edge 
entire. 

Fruit,  with  four  cells  and  two  seeds.     A  berry. 

Fig.  64. — Snowberry.     S.  racembsus,  Michx. 
Flowers,   in  a  loose   and  often  somewhat  leafy  terminal 
spike.       Corolla,    thickly-bearded    within.       Stamens 
and  style  not  longer  than  the  corolla  tube  ("included"). 
Style,  smooth.      June,  August. 

Leaves,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  often  with  wavy  margins. 
Fruit,  snow-white,  the  size  of  a  large  pea. 

Found,  native  in  New  England  and  Pennsylvania,  and 
northward  and  westward,  and  in  cultivation. 

A  pretty  bush  two  to  three  feet  high,  very  common 
in  cultivation,  especially  in  old  gardens,  attractive,  not  on 
account  of  its  flowers,  but  its  white  fruit. 

Var.  pauciflorus,  Robbins,  has  the  flower  spike  reduced 
to  only  one  or  two  blossoms. 

Wolf-berry.     S.  occidental,  Hook. 

Flowers,  crowded  in  nodding  terminal  or  axillary  spikes. 
Corolla,  bearded  within.  Stamens  and  Style,  longer 
than  the  corolla-tube  ("  exserted").  July. 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)         145 


Fig.  64.— Snowberry.     (S.  racemdsus,  Michx.) 
Fig.  65.— Indian  Currant.     (S.  orbicularis,  Moench.) 


146        Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long. 
Fruit,  white. 

Found,  from  Illinois  northward  and  westward. 
A  shrub  two  to  four  feet  high. 

Fig.  65. — Indian  Currant.     Coral-berry.     S.  orbicularis,  Moench. 
( S.  vulgar  is,  Michx.) 

Flowers,  crowded  in  short  clusters  in  the  axils  of  most  of 
the  leaves.  Corolla,  only  slightly  bearded  within. 
Stamens  and  style  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube 
("included").  Style,  bearded.  July. 

Leaves,  round-oval,  one  to  two  inches  long,  nearly  stem- 
less. 

Fruit,  small,  dark  red. 

Found,  from  Pennsylvania  northward  and  southward. 
A  shrub  two  to  three  feet  high. 

(4)  Genus  LONICERA,  L.      (Fly-Honeysuckle.) 

Flowers,  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  each  pair  with 
a  single  stalk.  -Corolla,  tubular  or  funnel-like,  often 
hairy  at  the  base  within,  five-lobed,  more  or  less 
irregular.  Stamens,  five,  longer  than  the  corolla-tube 
("  exserted  ").  Seed-case,  two-  to  three-celled. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  entire. 

Friiit,  a  several-seeded  berry. 

Fig.  66.— Fly-Honeysuckle.     L.  dliata,  Muhl. 

Flowers, greenish-yellow, three  quarters  inch  long.  Corolla, 
funnel-form,  slightly,  blunt,  spurred  at  the  base. 
Petals,  nearly  equal.  Bracts,  two,  minute  at  the 
base  of  the  seed-case.  Stem  of  the  pair  of  flowers, 
slender,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  May,  June. 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)         147 


Fig.  66.-Fly-Honeysuckle.     (L.  cil&ta,  Muhl.)    (a)  Fruit. 


148         Honeysuckle  (  Caprifoliacece ) 

Leaves,  from  long  egg-shape  to  oval.  Base,  variable, 
rounded,  or  slightly  pointed,  or  often  heart-shaped; 
thin,  delicately  fringed  on  the  margin.  Leaf-stem. 
slightly  hairy. 

Fruit,  red,  oblong,  or  egg-shape,  in  pairs,  three-  to  five- 
seeded,  distinct  or  sometimes  slightly  united. 

Found,  in  woods  from  Pennsylvania  northward  and  west- 
ward. 

A    shrub    three     to     six    feet    high,    with    straggling 
branches  set  at  a  very  wide  angle. 

Mountain-Fly  Honeysuckle.     /.  ceritlea,  L. 

Flowers,  yellowish.  Bracts,  two,  at  the  base  of  the  seed- 
case,  awl-shaped,  longer  than  the  seed-case.  Stem  of 
the  pair  of  flowers,  very  short — shorter  than  the 
flowers.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  small,  egg-shape  or  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape ; 
hairy,  especially  when  young. 

Fruit,  dark  blue,  the  two  berries  united  into  one. 

Found,  in  high  woods  from  Rhode  Island  northward  and 
westward. 

A  shrub  one  to  three  feet  high. 

Swamp  Fly-Honeysuckle.     L.  oblongifblia,  Muhl. 

Flowers,  yellowish-white  outside,  purplish  within,  one  half 
inch  long,  deeply  two-lipped.  Corolla,  hairy.  Bracts, 
two,  minute  or  soon  falling.  Stem  of  the  pair  of 
flowers,  slender,  as  long  as  the  leaves.  June. 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  in  length,  oblong,  nearly 
stemless. 


Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece)         i49 

Fruit,   rounded,    purple,   the    two    berries   more    or   less 
parted  at  the  summit,  or  sometimes  nearly  distinct. 

Found,  in  swampy  land,  from   New  York  northward  and 
westward. 

A  shrub  three  to  four  feet  high. 


Bracted  Fly-Honeysuckle.    L.  involucrata,  Banks. 

Flowers,  yellowish.  Corolla,  one  half  to  three  quarters  of 
an  inch  long,  slightly  sticky.  Stem  of  the  pair  of 
flowers  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Leaves,  two  to  five  inches  long,  egg-shape  or  oblong, 
mostly  pointed.  Branches,  four-angled. 

Fruit,  rounded,  dark-purple,  the  two  berries  distinct. 

Found,  in  deep  woods  from  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior 
north  and  west. 


Tartarian  Honeysuckle.     [Z.  Tartdrica,  Z.] 

Flowers,  pale-purple  to  white,  small,  fragrant.  April, 
June. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  three  quarters  to  one  and 
one  half  inches  wide,  thick,  egg-shape.  Base,  heart- 
shaped.  Apep,  blunt,  smooth,  shining,  dark-green 
above.  Leaf-stem,  short. 

Found,  common  in  cultivation,  naturalized  in  the  vicinity 
of  New  York. 


150        Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece) 

A  shrub  four  to  ten  feet  high,  with  erect,  much- 
branching  stems  ;  elegant,  and  every  way  worthy  of  culti- 
vation. Introduced  from  Russia. 


(5)  Genus  DIERVILLA,  Tourn. 
Fig.  67.— Bush  Honeysuckle.     D.  trifida  (  L.J  Moench. 

Flowers,  greenish-yellow,  in  clusters  that  are  either 
terminal  or  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves — usually 
three  blossoms  to  each  flower-stem.  Corolla,  funnel- 
form,  five-lobed,  nearly  regular,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  Calyx-lobes,  slender,  awl-shaped,  persistent. 
Stamens,  five  ;  stamens  and  style  much  longer  than 
the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Seed-case,  slender,  about 
one  third  inch  long. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  two  to  four  inches  in  length, 
long  egg-shape,  toothed,  taper-pointed.  Stems, 
marked  with  two  slight  ridges,  very  noticeable  in  the 
young  shoots. 

Fruit,  tapering  above  into  a  slender  beak,  which  is  often 
curved,  and  is  crowned  with  the  long  and  somewhat 
spreading  persistent  sepals.  Cells,  two  (apparently 
four  because  of  the  intruding  false  partitions).  Seeds, 
many.  A  capsule. 

Found,  from  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  northward 
and  westward. 

An  upright  shrub  about  two  feet  high,  very  modest  as 
compared  with  its  showy  related  species,  the  cultivated 
Japanese  "Weigela." 


Fig.  67. — Bush  Honeysuckle.     D.  trifida  (L.),  Moench.    (a)  Flower-cluster. 


1 5  2  Madder  (Rubiacea) 

21.    Family  RUBlACE^K.      (Madder  Fam.) 
Genus  CEPHALANTHUS,  L. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "head"  and  "a  flower,"  referring  to  the 
arrangement  of  the  round  flower-clusters. 

Fig.  68. — Button-Bush.     C'.  occidentdlis,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  in  dense  spherical  heads — each  head 
nearly  an  inch  in  diameter,  on  a  long  stalk.  Corolla, 
with  united  petals,  tubular,  four-toothed.  Calyx-tube, 
inversely  pyramid-shaped.  Stamens,  four,  inserted 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Style,  much  exserted, 
long,  and  thread-like — nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
corolla.  Seed-case,  adherent  to  the  calyx.  July, 
August. 

Leaves,  variable,  three  to  five  inches  long,  simple,  oppo- 
site (often  whorled  in  threes),  egg-shape  to  oblong, 
and  reverse  egg-shape,  edge  entire,  strongly  veined. 
Base,  pointed  or  rounded.  Stipules,  short,  connecting 
the  bases  of  the  opposite  leaf-stems. 

Fruit,  small,  inversely  pyramid-shaped,  dry  and  hard. 
Cells,  two  to  four,  each  with  one  seed,  splitting  from 
the  base  upwards.  September. 

Found,  in  swamps  and  along  streams  of  United  States 
and  Canada. 

A  vigorous  shrub  about  four  feet  high.  It  is  some- 
times found  on  elevated  ground,  where  it  serves,  it  is 
claimed,  as  a  good  sign  of  the  presence  of  hidden  springs. 
The  inner  bark  is  sometimes  used  as  a  cough  medicine. 


Fig.  68.— Button-Bush.    (C.  occidentalis,  L.) 
Fig.  69.-Groundsel  Tree.    (B.  halimifdlia,  L.) 


154  Composite  (Composite) 

22.   Family  COMPOSITE.     (Composite  Fam.) 
Genus  BACCHARIS,  L. 

From  "  the  name  of  the  god  Bacchus,  possibly  because  of  a  faint  wine-like  odor 
about  the  plant." 

Fig.  69. — Groundsel  Tree.  B.  halimifblia,  L. 
Flowers,  whitish  or  yellow,  tubular,  in  a  close  head  of 
about  twenty  blossoms,  the  staminate  and  the  pistillate 
forms  on  different  bushes.  Corolla,  of  the  pistillate 
flower  thread-like  ;  of  the  staminate,  larger  and  five- 
lobed  ;  the  hairy  pappus  of  the  pistillate  flowers  long 
and  very  abundant.  September. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  edge  mostly  remotely  large- 
toothed  (in  the  upper  leaves  often  entire),  reverse 
egg-shape  to  lanceolate.  Branches,  angled. 

Fruit,  one-seeded,  a  ribbed  akene. 

Found,  near  the  sea,  from  Massachusetts  to  Georgia. 

A  compact  shrub  six  to  twelve  feet  high,  worthy  of 
cultivation  because  of  its  late  blooming  and  its  abundant 
"  white-haired  "  blossoms. 

Genus  IVA,  L. 

Marsh  Elder.     Highwater  Shrub.    /.  frute'scens,  L. 
Flowers,  greenish-white,  tubular  or  funnel-form,  in  small, 
drooping  heads,  each  head  with  fine  marginal,  pistil- 
late flowers,  the  remaining  flowers  staminate,  pappus 
lacking.     July  to  September. 

Leaves,    simple,    fleshy,    the    lower   ones  opposite,   lance- 
shaped,  and  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  ones  narrower 
and  with  entire  edges,  or  reduced  to  line-like  bracts. 
Fruit,  one-seeded  (five  seeds  to  each  head).      An  akene. 
Found,  on  the  borders  of  salt  marshes  from  Massachusetts 

to  Florida  ;  common. 
A  coarse,  leafy  shrub,  three  to  eight  feet  high. 


Heath  (Ericaceae)  155 

23.   Family  ERICACE^.     (Heath  Fam.) 

Flowers,  regular,  or  nearly  so,  except  in  R.  Rhodbra  (8). 
Petals,  four  to  five,  united,  except  in  R.  Rhodbra  (8), 
Ledum  (9),  and  Clethra  (10).  Stamens,  usually  as 
many  to  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  inserted 
with  them.  Pollen,  of  four  united  grains.  Style,  one. 
Seed-case,  three-  to  ten-celled. 

Leaves,  simple,  without  stipules. 
Fruit,  a  berry  or  a  capsule. 


There  are  not  many  families  that  contain  as  many 
beautiful  plants  as  are  found  among  the  Er!cace&.  Of 
the  true  heaths,  however,  we  have  no  native  species. 
The  nearest  to  them  are  our  huckleberries  and  cranberries. 
These  take  the  place  throughout  the  northern  part  of 
America  of  the  heaths  of  the  corresponding  climate  of 
Europe,  and  they  do  so  with  as  much  of  beauty  and  with 
far  more  of  usefulness. 

A  GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

(A)  Calyx  adherent  to  seed-case  ;  Fruit  a  berry,  crowned  with  the  calyx-teeth. 

(t>)  Fruit  ten-seeded  (i)  Gaylussacia  (Huckleberry). 

(£)      "     many-seeded  (2)  Vacci'nium  (Blueberry,  etc.). 

(A)  Calyx  not  adherent  to  seed-case  ;  Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule. 

(b)  Petals  always  regular,  and  all  united. 

(c)  Corolla  cylindrical,  or  contracted  f  J3j  f 
at  its  mouth  ;    Fruit,   more  oJ    [ 
less  globular  to  egg-shape.  1 

(c)  Corolla   saucer-shape,    with    ten  ( 

hollows  for  holding  the  anthers.  <    (6)  Kalmia  (Laurels,  etc.). 
Leaves,  thick  and  evergreen.       (. 
(6)  Petals    sometimes    irregular,   and   in  ( 

R.  Rhodbra  partly  separate.    Corolla,  \    (8)  Rhododendron  (Azaleas,  etc.). 
spreading,  funnel-shape,  or  bell-shape.  ( 
(6)  Petals  regular  and  separate. 

(f)  Leaves     very     woolly    beneath,  {    (Q)  Ledum  (Labrador  Tea). 

edge  entire.  (    v 

(c)  Leaves,  smooth,  edge-toothed.         (10)  Clethra  (Sweet  Pepper-bush.) 


1 56  Heath  (Ericacece) 

(i)   Genus  GAYUSSACIA,  H.  B.  K.      (Huckleberry.) 

Flowers,  white  or  tinged  with  red,  in  loose  lateral  clusters. 
Corolla,  egg-shape,  tubular,  or  bell-shape  ;  five-lobed. 
Calyx,  yellowish-green,  with  resinous  dots.  Stamens, 
ten.  Anther-cells,  tapering  upward,  and  opening  by 
a  chink  at  the  end,  with  no  small  hooks  at  the  back. 
Seed-case,  ten-celled  and  ten-seeded,  adherent  to 
the  calyx. 

Leaves,  alternate,  entire  (excepting  in  Box  Huckleberry, 
and  sometimes  in  Dwarf  Huckleberry),  and  more  or 
less  resinous  dotted  (excepting  in  Box  Huckleberry). 

Fruit,  black  or  dark  blue,  round,  ten-celled,  ten-seeded, 
crowned  with  the  teeth  of  the  calyx.  A  berry. 

Fig.    70.— Common    Black    Huckleberry.       G.   resinbsa   (Ait.), 
T.  and  G. 

Flowers,  drooping,  in  short,  one-sided  clusters.  Corolla, 
contracted  at  the  mouth,  longer  than  the  stamens, 
shorter  than  the  style.  Bracts  of  the  flower-clusters, 
small,  reddish,  and  soon  falling  away.  Flower-stems, 
each  about  the  length  of  the  blossom.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long,  entire,  egg- 
shape  and  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape,  pointed  or 
somewhat  blunt,  thickly  sprinkled — more  thickly 
than  are  any  other  of  the  huckleberries — with  bright 
resinous  globules. 

Fruit,  black  (very  rarely  white),  sweet.      August. 

Found,  from  Northern  Georgia  and  Tennessee  northward. 
Common  in  woods  and  open  fields. 

A  stiff,  much-branched  shrub,  one  to  three  feet  high, 
yielding  the  "  huckleberry"  of  the  markets. 


Fig.  70.— Common  Black  Huckleberry.    G.  resindsa  (Ait.),  Torr.  and  Gray. 
r57  Fig.  71. — Dangleberry.    G.  fronddsa  (L.),  Torr.  and  Gray. 


158  Heath  (Rricacece) 

The  "huckleberry  pasture"  is  an  important  part  of 
many  a  New  England  farm,  and  the  name  is  a  well 
remembered  one  in  the  memory  of  many  a  far  wanderer 
from  his  early  home.  Those  who  know  the  stout  and 
thickly  set  bushes,  and  who  know  also  the  ideal  Christian 
character  of  many  of  the  New  England  settlers,  can 
appreciate  the  comment  of  an  old  lady  (quoted  by 
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson),  who,  remembering  her  godly 
ancestors,  said  of  them  "that  they  had  to  hold  on  hard 
by  the  huckleberry  bushes  to  hinder  themselves  from 
translated." 


A  peculiar  old  and  shorter  name  for  huckleberries  is 
"hurts." 

"  Cape  Cod  is  only  a  headland  of  high  hills  overgrowne 
with  shrubby  pines,  hurts,  and  such  trash,  but  an  excel- 
lent harbour  of  all  weathers."  —  Capt.  JOHN  SMITH, 
Work  II. 

Dwarf  Huckleberry.      G.  dumbsa  (Andr.),  T.  and  G. 

Flowers,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  persistent  bract,  in  some- 
what lengthened  clusters.  Bracts,  leaf-like,  oval,  as 
long  as  the  Mower-stem,  and  persistent.  Corolla, 
bell-shape,  with  five  prominent  keel-like  angles, 
longer  than  the  included  stamen  and  style.  Seed- 
case,  set  with  hairs  or  glands.  June. 

Leaves,  about  one  and  one  third  inches  long,  entire  or 
slightly  fine-toothed,  reverse  egg-shape,  blunt,  bristle- 
tipped.  Leaves,  branchlets,  and  flower-stems  sprinkled 
with  small  hairs  and  glands. 

Fruit,  black,  one  third  to  one  half  inch  in  diameter,  rather 
insipid.  August. 


Heath  (Ericacece)  i59 

Found,  in  swamps  and  thickets  from  Canada  to  Florida, 
mostly  along  the  coast. 

A  small  shrub,  usually  about  one  foot  high,  from  a 
creeping  base. 

Fig.  71. — Dangleberry.   Blue  Dangle.  G.  frondbsa  (LJ,  T.  and  G. 


Flowers,  in  slender,  loose  clusters.  Bracts,  oblong  or 
line-like,  soon  falling,  shorter  than  the  slender  and 
drooping  flower-stems.  Corolla,  round,  bell-shape, 
longer  than  the  included  stamens.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  entire,  mostly  reverse  egg-shape,  often  blunt. 

Fruit,  large,  blue,  sweet,  covered  with  a  whitish  bloom 
when  ripe.  July.  August. 

Found,  from  Newfoundland  to  Florida,  oftenest  in  sandy 
swamps. 

A  loosely  branching  shrub,  three  to  six  feet  high. 

Box  Huckleberry.     G.  brachycera,  Gray. 

Flowers,   in  short,   close,   axillary,   and  terminal   clusters. 

Flower-stems,  very  short.      May. 
Leaves,  one  inch  long,  oval,  thick,  smooth,  many-toothed, 

evergreen,  resembling  the  leaf  of  the  box. 

Fruit,  light  blue. 

Found,  in  Perry  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  southward. 
A  pretty  evergreen  about  one  foot  high. 

(2)  Genus  VACCINIUM,  L.     (Blueberry,  etc.) 

This  genus  differs  from  Gaylussbcia  chiefly  in  the  fol- 
lowing items  : 


160  Heath  (Ericacece) 

Flowers,  with  corolla  five-toothed,  excepting  in  Bog 
Bilberry,  where  it  is  four-toothed.  Anthers,  some- 
times with  two  small,  bristle-like  hooks  (awns)  on  the 
back.  Seed-case,  four-celled  (or  sometimes  eight-  to 
ten-celled  by  false  divisions),  many-seeded. 

Leaves,  branchlets,  etc.,  less  strongly  or  not  at  all  marked 
with  resinous  globules. 

Fruit,  four-  to  five-celled  (or  sometimes  eight-  to  ten- 
celled  by  false  divisions),  and  many-seeded  instead  of 
only  ten-seeded. 

Fig.  72. — Squaw  Huckleberry.    Deerberry.     V.  stami'neum,  L. 

Flowers,  nodding,  greenish-white  or  purplish.  Flower- 
stems,  slender,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
Stamens,  hairy,  shorter  than  the  style,  much  exserted 
from  the  corolla.  Anthers,  tapering  into  two  horns, 
with  a  hook  (awn)  back  of  each. 

Leaves,  one  and  one  half  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long, 
rounded  or  pointed,  or  sometimes  heart-shaped  at 
base  ;  smallest  on  the  flowering  branches  ;  egg-shape 
and  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape.  Leaf-stem,  very 
short  and  downy. 

Fruit,  somewhat  ten-celled,  nearly  as  large  as  a  small 
cherry,  greenish  or  yellowish,  sometimes  purple- 
tinged,  round  or  pear-shaped,  scarcely  edible.  Sep- 
tember. 

Found,  from  Canada  to  Florida. 

A  shrub  two  to  three  feet  high  with  abundant  spread- 
ing branches  and  drooping  solitary  fruit. 


^ 


Heath  (Ericacece) 


i 


JLQ.JI 


*,.-}> 


Fig.  J2.—Squsi-ur  Huckleberry.     (V.  stamineum,  L.) 
73-— Common  Low  Blueberry.    (V.  Pennsylvanicum,  Lam.) 


1 62  Heath  (Ericacecz) 

Fig-  73.— Common  Low  Blueberry.     Dwarf  Blueberry. 

V.  Pennsylvdnicum,  Lam. 

Flowers,  usually  reddish-white,  one  quarter  inch  long,  in 
short,  close  clusters.  Corolla,  short,  cylindrical,  and 
somewhat  bell-shaped.  Calyx-teeth,  green  and  spread- 
ing. Stamens,  hairy,  not  exserted  from  the  corolla. 
May,  June. 

Leaves,  three  quarters  to  one  inch  long,  oblong  to  lance- 
shape,  stemless  ;  smooth  and  shining  above  and  be- 
neath ;  finely  and  sharply  bristle-toothed.  Stems  and 
branches,  green  and  warty,  and  often  with  a  hairy  line 
running  down  each  side. 

Fruit,  large,  blue,  sweet,  ripening  earlier  than  that  of  V. 
vacillans.  July,  August. 

Found,  growing  in  thick  patches  in  dry,  hard  soil,  from 
New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  northward  ;  very  common 
in  New  England. 

A  bush  six  to  fifteen  inches  high,  the  lowest  and  the 
earliest  of  the  Blueberries. 

A  narrow-leaved  lower  variety  (var.  augustifblium, 
G.),  is  found  on  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire 
and  far  northward. 

Var.  nigrum,  Wood,  has  the  leaves  dark  green,  the 
berries  black  and  shining. 

V.  Canadense.     Kalm. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  ( V.  Pennsyl- 
vanicum)  chiefly  in  the  following  items  : 

Leaves,  entire,  downy  beneath,  and  at  least  on  the  veins 
above.  Branchlets,  reddish-green  and  downy. 

Found,  from  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  westward  and 
northward. 


Heath  (Ericacece)  163 

Low  Blueberry.      V.  vacillans,  Solander. 

Flowering-branches,  two  to  three  inches  or  more  in  length, 
and  without  leaves,  so  that  often  much  of  the  plant 
is  leafless  though  covered  with  fruit. 

Leaves,  egg-shape  to  reverse  egg-shape,  edge  entire  or 
very  finely  toothed.  Branchlets,  yellowish-green, 
angular,  and  closely  set  with  white  dots. 

Fruit,  ripening  later  than  that  of  V.  Pennsylvbnicum, 
August. 

Found,  in  dry  ground  from  New  England  westward  and 

southward. 
A  bush  one  to  two  and  one  half  feet  high. 

Fig.  74.— Common  High  Blueberry.    Swamp  Blueberry. 

V.  corymbbsum,  L. 

Flowers,  in  short  clusters,  appearing  with  or  before  the 
leaves.  Corolla,  more  or  less  cylindrical,  about  one 
quarter  to  one  third  inch  or  more  in  length.  Stamens, 
shorter  than  the  corolla  ("included"),  hairy.  Style, 
slightly  exserted.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  variable  in  shape  and  size,  mostly  smooth,  acute 
at  each  end,  entire.  Branches,  green  or  purple. 
Flower  ing -branches,  often  almost  leafless. 

Fruit,  large,  blackish  or  purplish,  slightly  acid.  August, 
September. 

Found,   in  shady  swamps  and  thickets  from  Canada  to 

Florida. 
A  shrub  five  to  ten  feet  high.     It  furnishes  the  late 

blueberry  of  the  markets.     A  very  variable  species. 

A  marked  variety  (var.  atrococum,  G.)  has  the  under 

surface  of  the  leaves,  even  when  old,  and  the  branchlets 

downy  or  woolly. 


1 64  Heath  (Rricacece) 

Bog  Bilberry.      V.  uliginbsum,  L. 

Flowers,  axillary,  drooping,  single,  or  two  to  three 
together,  nearly  sessile.  Corolla,  short,  four-cleft, 
urn-shape.  Stamens,  eight,  smooth.  Anthers,  with 
a  slender  hook  (awn)  back  of  each  of  the  two  horns. 
June,  July. 

Leaves,  one  quarter  to  one  third  inch  long,  dull,  reverse 
egg-shape  to  oblong,  entire.  Apex,  rounded  or 
pointed,  crowded  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

Fruit,  four-celled,  deep-blue  or  black,  oblong,  sweet, 
crowned  with  the  style. 

Found,  on  the  mountain  summits  of  New  England  and 
New  York,  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  north- 
ward. 

A  low,  spreading  shrub,  four  inches  to  two  feet  high. 

V.  caspitbsum,  Michx ;  var.  cuneifolium,  Nutt ;  V. 
myrtillbides,  Hook;  and  V.  ovalifblium,  Smith,  are  forms 
of  Bilberries  with  the  blossoms  solitary,  nodding  on  short 
axillary  stems,  the  parts  of  the  flower  in  fives  ;  stamens, 
ten  ;  the  leaves  more  or  less  toothed.  They  are  found 
on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  northward. 

(3)  Genus  ANDROMEDA,  L. 

Named  with  reference  to  the  story  of  Andromeda  (see  below). 

Flowers,  mostly  white,  in  clusters.  Corolla,  rounded,  five- 
toothed.  Calyx,  without  bracts.  Stamens,  ten. 
Anthers,  attached  near  the  middle.  Anther-cells, 
opening  by  a  pore  at  the  end.  Seed-case,  free  from 
the  calyx. 


Heath  (Ericacece) 


'65 


Fig.  74.— Common  High  Blueberry.     (V.  corymbdsum,  L.)    (a)  Flower-cluster, 


1 66  Heath  (Ericacece) 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  entire  (or  in  Privet  Andromeda, 
A.  ligustrina,  sometimes  fine-toothed). 

Fruit,  globular  to  egg-shape,  five-celled,  many-seeded  ;  a 
capsule. 

Fig-  75- — Marsh  Andr6meda.    Wild  Rosemary.    A.  polifolia,  L. 

Flowers,  nearly  round,  crowded  in  terminal  drooping 
clusters.  Corolla,  about  one  quarter  inch  long,  rose- 
tinted.  Calyx,  white,  tipped  with  red.  Anther-cells, 
each  terminating  in  a  slender  ascending  awn.  Flower- 
stems,  about  one  half  an  inch  long,  pearl-white,  spring- 
ing from  pointed  and  hollowed  bracts  of  the  same 
color  at  their  base.  June. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  very  narrow  to  oblong  lance-shape, 
one  to  three  inches  in  length  by  one  sixth  to  one 
quarter  of  an  inch  in  width  ;  very  smooth,  edges 
rolled  back,  thick,  dark-green  above,  whitish  beneath. 

Fruit,  globular,  five-celled,  many-seeded.     A  capsule. 

Found,  in  wet  ground  from  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 
to  Minnesota,  and  far  northward. 

A  very  interesting  evergreen  shrub,  six  inches  to  two 
feet  high. 


Linnaeus,  in  his  Tour  in  Lapland,  describes  this 
shrub  and  tells  why  he  chose  for  it  the  poetical  name  of 
Andromeda : 

u  Andromeda  polifolia  was  now  (June  12)  in  its  highest 
beauty,  decorating  the  marshy  grounds  in  a  most  agree- 
able manner.  The  flowers  are  quite  blood-red  before 


75-— Marsh  Andrdmeda.     (A.  polifdlia,  L.)    (a)  Blossom  slightly  enlarged. 
l67  Fig.  76.— Stagger-Bush.    (A.  mariana,  L.) 


1 68  Heath  (Ericacece) 

they  expand,  but  when  full-grown  the  corolla  is  of  a 
flesh-color.  ...  As  I  contemplated  it,  I  could  not 
help  thinking  of  Andromeda  as  described  by  the  poets ; 
and  the  more  I  meditated  upon  their  descriptions,  the 
more  applicable  they  seemed  to  the  little  plant  before  me. 
Andromeda  is  represented  by  them  as  a  virgin  of  most 
exquisite  and  unrivalled  charms.  .  .  .  This  plant  is 
always  fixed  on  some  little  turfy  hillock  in  the  midst  of 
the  swamps,  as  Andromeda  herself  was  chained  to  a  rock 
in  the  sea,  which  bathed  her  feet  as  the  fresh  water  does 
the  roots  of  the  plant.  Dragons  and  venomous  serpents 
surrounded  her,  as  toads  and  other  reptiles  frequent  the 
abode  of  her  vegetable  resembler.  As  the  distressed 
virgin  cast  down  her  blushing  face  through  excessive 
affliction,  so  does  this  rosy-colored  flower  hang  its  head, 
growing  paler  and  paler  until  it  withers  away. 
At  length  comes  Perseus  in  the  shape  of  summer,  dries 
up  the  surrounding  water,  and  destroys  the  monsters." 

Fig.  76. — Stagger-Bush.     A.  mariana,  L. 

Flowers,  about  five  twelfths  of  an  inch  long,  nodding  in 
clusters  on  leafless  branchlets.  Corolla,  somewhat 
egg-shape,  white  or  pale  red.  Calyx,  about  two 
thirds  as  long  as  the  corolla,  parted  nearly  to  the 
base.  Stamens,  two-toothed  near  the  anthers,  hairy, 
without  awns.  June  and  July. 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long,  smooth,  oval,  or  oblong, 
acute  at  each  end  or  sometimes  with  the  apex  rather 
blunted. 

Fruit,  egg-shape,  with  the  narrowed  end  squared,  as 
though  cut  off;  five-celled,  five-angled,  many-seeded. 
Seeds,  angular.  A  capsule.  October. 


Heath  (Ericacece)  169 

Found,  in  dry  places,  in  woods,  etc.,  from  Rhode  Island 
and  Pennsylvania  southward. 

A  shrub  two  to  three  feet  high,  worthy  of  cultivation. 
Its  common  name  is  due  to  its  reputation  for  poisoning 
young  cattle. 

Fig.  77. — Privet  Andr6meda.    A.  Hgustrma,  Muhl. 

Flowers,  scarcely  one  sixth  of  an  inch  long,  downy,  globu- 
lar, white,  crowded  in  terminal  clusters  ;  the  clusters 
usually  leafless,  sometimes  with  two  small  leaflets  at 
the  base.  Flower-stems,  downy.  Anthers,  without 
awns.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  long,  entire  or  fine-toothed, 
more  or  less  downy,  reverse  egg-shape  and  oval  to 
lance-shape. 

Fruit,  globular,  five-celled,  five-angled,  many-seeded  ;  a 
capsule.  September. 

Found,  in  swampy  ground  from  Canada  southward ; 
Common. 

A  shrub  three  to  ten  feet  high. 

(4)  Genus  LEUCOTHOK,  Don. 
Fig.  78.— Leucothoe.     L.  racembsa  (L.),  Gray. 

Flowers,  white,  fragrant,  with  very  short  stems  crowded 
in  long,  one-sided,  usually  erect  spikes,  mostly  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  each  spike  two  to  four  inches 
long,  with  twelve  to  thirty  downward  -  turned 
blossoms.  Corolla,  five-toothed,  cylindrical  or  some- 
what egg-shaped.  Calyx,  with  two  egg-shaped 


1 70  Heath .  (Ericaceae) 


S-  77-— Privet  Andrdmeda.     (A.  ligustrlna,  Muhl.)    («)  Fruit. 
Fig.  78.— Leucdthoe.    L.  racemosa  (L.),  Gray.     (<5)  Fruit. 


Heath  (Ericacece)  171 

pointed,  persistent  bracts  at  base.  Stamens,  ten. 
Anther-cells,  each  with  two  awns  at  apex.  Seed-case, 
free  from  the  calyx.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  and  one  half  inches  long,  alternate, 
smooth,  oblong  to  oval  or  reverse  egg-shape,  more 
or  less  pointed,  fine-toothed.  Leaf-stem,  about  one 
twelfth  of  an  inch  long. 

Fruit,  globular,  depressed,  five-celled,  many-seeded,  with 
the  remains  attached  of  the  calyx  and  its  two  bracts 
and  the  long  style.  Seeds,  angled  not  winged.  A 
capsule. 

Found,  in    moist   woods   and   thickets   from  Canada    to 

Florida,  mostly  near  the  coast. 

A  shrub  four  to  ten  feet  high.  The  dry  brown  fruit- 
spikes  of  the  previous  year,  with  persistent  calyx  and 
bracts  and  style,  often  remain  among  the  blossoms  and 
green  leaves  of  the  new  season.  The  plant  is  well 
worthy  of  cultivation. 

(5)  Genus  CASSANDRA,  Don. 

Cassandra  was  a  daughter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba. 

Fig.  79. — Leather- Leaf.     Cassandra.    C.  ealyculbta  (L.),  Don. 

Flowers,  white,  with  short  stems,  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
the  twenty  to  thirty  small  upper  leaves,  so  forming  a 
long,  one-sided  leafy  spike.  Corolla,  cylindrical, 
five-toothed.  Calyx,  with  two  persistent,  egg-shaped 
bracts  at  its  base.  Stamens,  ten.  Anther-cells,  each 
tapering  into  a  beak  that  opens  at  its  apex,  without 
awns.  Seed-case,  free  from  the  calyx.  April,  May. 


172         Fig.  79.— Leather-Leaf.     C.  calyculata  (L.%  Don. 


Heath  (Ericacece)  i73 

Leaves,  about  one  inch  long  and  half  as  wide  (those  of 
the  flower-spikes  smaller),  oblong  ;  blunt  or  slightly 
pointed  ;  entire  or  very  slightly  toothed  ;  shiny  and 
dotted  above,  rusty  beneath  ;  mid-vein  prominent, 
others  scarcely  noticeable. 

Fruit,  depressed,  five-celled,  many-seeded,  with  the  cov- 
ering of  the  seeds  in  two  layers,  the  outer  splitting 
at  length  into  five  parts,  the  inner  into  ten.  Seeds, 
flattened,  wingless.  July. 

Found,  in  wet  places  from  Newfoundland  to  Minnesota, 
and  southward  to  Georgia,  often  in  large  beds. 

A  nearly  evergreen  shrub  two  to  four  feet  high. 


Formerly  Cassandra  was  included  in  the  genus 
Andromeda.  Inasmuch  as  Linnaeus  had  given  the 
latter  name  to  the  sweet  little  Lapland  flower  which  he 
discovered — because  it  reminded  him  by  its  surroundings 
of  the  story  of  Andromeda  chained  in  the  midst  of  the 
waves — Don,  when  he  rearranged  the  species  chose  the 
new  name  "Cassandra,"  to  retain  the  classic  suggestion. 

(6)  Genus  KALMIA,  L.     (American  Laurel.) 

From  the  name  of  Peter  Kalm,  a  pupil  of  Linnaeus. 

Flowers,  showy,  in  clusters.  Corolla,  five-lobed,  wheel-  to 
bell-shaped,  with  ten  pits  for  holding  back  the  ten 
elastic  stamens.  Calyx,  smaller  than  the  ripened 
seed-case  ;  persistent  after  the  other  parts  of  the 


174  Heath  (Ericdcece) 

flower  have  fallen.     Seed-case,   not  adherent  to   the 
calyx. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  opposite  or  alternate,  entire,  thick. 
Fruit,  mostly  round,  five-celled,  many-seeded.     A  capsule. 

Fig.  80. — Mountain  Laurel.     Calico-Bush.     Spoon-Wood. 

K.  latifblia,  L. 

Flowers,  three  quarters  to  five  sixths  of  an  inch  across, 
rose-colored  to  white,  in  large,  many-blossomed, 
terminal  clusters,  crowning  the  last  year's  leaves ; 
sticky.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  mostly  two  to  four  inches  long,  oftenest  alternate, 
sometimes  opposite  or  in  threes  ;  shining,  smooth  on 
both  sides.  Side-veins,  imperceptible  below.  Bark, 
in  the  larger  specimens  in  short,  rounded,  and  often 
flaky  ridges,  curiously  forked  at  their  ends.  Wood, 
crooked,  fine-grained,  compact. 

Fruit,  rounded,  five-celled,  imperfectly  five-angled,  set 
with  sticky  hairs.  September. 

Found,  usually  in  damp  woods  from  Canada  and  Maine 
to  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  and  in  all  the  Atlantic  States 
southward  to  Georgia. 

One  of  our  most  beautifully  flowering  shrubs,  ever- 
green, four  to  eight  feet  high,  or  sometimes  even  twenty 
feet  in  height,  with  crooked  and  twisting  stems  and 
branches.  The  leaves  and  juices  are  narcotic,  and  are 
said  to  be  poisonous  to  browsing  cattle.  Well  worthy 
of  cultivation. 

"  When  the  clumps  of  Mountain  Laurel  are  in  bloom 
it  is  worth  while  going  out  of  one's  way  to  see  them." 


Heath  (Ericacece) 


Fig.  80.— Mountain  Laurel.     (K.  latifdlia,  L.) 


176  Heath  (Ericacece) 

Xenophon,  in  his  Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand,  tells 
how  numbers  of  his  warriors  were  poisoned  through 
eating  honey  made  by  bees  that  had  foraged  among  the 
abundant  "laurel  "  flowers.  The  species  may  have  been 
Azalea  Pontica. 

Fig.  81. — Sheep  Laurel.     Lambkill.    K.  angmtifblia,  L. 

Flowers,  about  one  half  or  two  thirds  smaller  than  those 
of  the  Mountain  Laurel,  closely  resembling  them, 
but  of  a  deeper  crimson  and  growing  in  small  clusters 
at  the  sides  of  the  branches  in  the  axils  of  the  last 
year's  persistent  leaves,  and  surmounted  by  the  new 
leaves.  May,  July. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  opposite  in  threes  and  in 
pairs,  edge  entire.  Apex  and  base,  slightly  pointed 
or  rounded  ;  light  green  above,  in  winter  often 
reddish-green  or  yellowish  ;  below,  whitish  or  pale. 
Surfaces,  smooth.  Side-veins,  indistinct. 

Fruit,  rounded,  depressed,  five-celled,  often  clinging 
throughout  the  winter,  its  stems  recurved.  Sep- 
tember. 

Found,  common,  in  rough  fields  and  by  ponds  and 
marshes,  from  Canada  to  Carolina,  and  west  to 
Kentucky,  often  in  large  patches. 

A  very  pretty  upright  evergreen  shrub  one  half  to  two 
feet  or  rarely  four  feet  high.  The  leaves  of  this  species 
also  are  said  to  be  poisonous  to  cattle. 

Pale  Laurel.    K.  glauca,  Ait. 

Flowers,  resembling  in  general  the  other  laurel  flowers, 
smooth,  one  half  inch  across,  pale  purple,  in  terminal 
clusters  of  eight  to  ten  blossoms.  Flower-stems, 
smooth.  June. 


Heath  (Ericacece) 


177 


Fig.  81.— Sheep  Laurel.     (K.  angustiftlia,  L.)     (a)  Fruit. 


178  Heath  (Rricacece) 

Leaves,  about  one  inch  long,  varying  in  width  from 
scarcely  one  eighth  to  one  half  an  inch,  opposite,  and 
often  in  threes,  entire,  with  edge  rolled  back,  nearly 
stemless.  BranMets,  distinctly  two-edged  by  ridges 
which  extend  from  the  bases  of  each  pair  of  leaves 
to  the  pair  below. 

Fruit,  somewhat  egg-shape,  smooth. 

Found,  mostly  in  swampy  land  from  Kentucky  and 
Pennsylvania  far  northward. 

A  straggling  shrub,  one  to  two  feet  high. 
(7)  Genus  MENZIESIA,  Smith. 

Flowers,  greenish-white  or  purplish,  small,  nodding  in 
terminal  clusters.  Corolla,  four-lobed.  Stamens, 
eight.  Seed-case,  not  adherent. 

Leaves,  alternate,  reverse  egg-shape.  Branchlets,  strag- 
gling, usually  hairy  and  rusty. 

Fruit,  egg-shape,  four-celled,  many-seeded.      A  capsule. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  two  species  : 

M.  globella,  Gray,  found  from  Minnesota  Point,  Lake 
Superior  northwestward  ;  and 

M.  globidaris,  Salisb.,  found  in  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains from  Pennsylvania  southward. 

(8)   Genus  RHODENDRON,  L.      (Azaleas,  etc.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  Rose-tree." 

Flowers,  showy,  in  terminal  clusters.  Corolla,  deeply  five- 
lobed  (in  R.  Rhodbra  two  petals  are  wholly  separate)  ; 
often  slightly  irregular  (or  in  R.  Rhodbra  very  irregu- 


Heath  (Ericacece)  i79 

lar)  ;  bell  or  funnel-form.  Stamens,  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals,  or  of  the  same  number  (or  in  R.  nudi- 
fUium,  five  to  seven).  Stamens  and  style  more  or 
less  exserted  and  declined,  except  in  R.  maximum. 
Anther-cells,  opening  by  a  round  pore  at  the  end. 
Seed-case,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Leaves,  chiefly  alternate  and  entire. 

Fruit,  five-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds,  scale-like.  A 
capsule. 

Fig.  82, — Clammy    Azalea.     White    Swamp    Honeysuckle. 
Swamp  Pink.    £,  viscdsum  (L.),  Torr. 

Flowers,  appearing  after  the  leaves,  white  or  rose-color, 
very  fragrant,  very  sticky,  in  clusters  of  six  to  twelve 
blossoms.  Corolla,  downy,  funnel-form  ;  tube  about 
one  inch  long,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  lobes. 
Calyx,  minute.  Stamens,  five,  slightly  exserted  from 
the  tube.  Anthers,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  in  the 
Purple  Azalea  (R.  nudiflbrum).  Style,  much  longer 
than  the  stamens.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  alternate  or  in  groups  of 
five  to  six  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  reverse  egg- 
shape  to  lance-shape,  smooth,  except  at  the  delicately 
bristle-fringed  margins  and  mid-vein.  Leaf-stem  and 
branchlets,  bristly.  Apex,  often  tipped  with  a  brown, 
hard  point. 

Fruit,  as  above. 

Found,  in  damp  woods  and  swamps  from  Canada  to 
Florida  and  Arkansas,  mostly  near  the  coast. 


i8o  Heath  (Rricacece) 

A  shrub  four  to  seven  feet  high.  "  Few  flowers  have 
been  more  valued  and  more  frequently  cultivated  in  Euro- 
pean gardens  than  this." 

Var.  glaucum  (Pursh.),  G.,  found  from  New  England 
to  Virginia,  has  paler  and  sometimes  rough-hairy  leaves. 

Var*nilidum(lLidi.TS\.}i  G.,  found  from  the  mountains  of 
New  York  to  Virginia,  is  a  dwarf  form  with  reverse- 
lanceolate  leaves. 

Smooth  Azalea.     R.  arbordscens,  Torr. 

Flowers,  rose-color,  very  fragrant.  Corolla,  funnel-form, 
with  the  tube  longer  than  the  lobes  ;  not  at  all  or 
very  slightly  sticky.  Calyx,  conspicuous,  as  much 
as  one  sixth  of  an  inch  long,  lobes  oblong  and  acute. 
The  five  stamens  and  the  style  much  exserted.  Scales 
of  the  flower-buds  large,  yellowish-brown,  and  fringed. 
Blossoms,  appearing  after  the  leaves.  May,  July. 

Leaves,  very  smooth  on  both  sides,  shiny  above ;  the 
edges  delicately  bristle-fringed.  Branchlets,  smooth. 

Fruit,  as  above. 

Found,  from  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  to  North 
Carolina. 

A  shrub  ten  to  twenty  feet  high. 

Fig.  83. — Purple  Azalea.    Pinxter-Flower.    R.  nudiflbrum 
(L.),  Torr 

Flowers,  one  and  one  half  inches  across,  very  variable  in 
color,  white,  pink,  purple,  buff,  mottled ;  usually 
fragrant.  Corolla,  funnel-form.  Tube  (nearly  one 
inch  long),  scarcely  longer  than  the  large  lobes ; 
downy,  slightly  sticky.  Calyx,  small  and  hairy. 


Fig.  82.— Clammy  Azalea.     R.  viscdsum  (L.),  Torr. 
83.— Purple  Azalea.     R.  nudifldrum  (L.),  Torr.    (a)  Fruit. 


1 82  Heath  (Ericacea?) 

Stamens,  five  to  seven,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube, 
downy  below  the  middle.  Style,  about  three  times 
as  long  as  the  tube.  Blossoms,  appearing  with  or 
before  the  leaves.  April,  May. 

Leaves,  reverse  egg-shape  to  reverse  lance-shape,  downy 
beneath.  Young  branchlets,  hairy,  and  often  in 
whorls. 

Fruit,  as  above.      August. 

Found,  in  woods  and  wet  land  from  Canada  to   Florida 

and  Texas  ;  common,  especially  southward. 
A  crooked-stemmed,  much  branched  shrub,  with  many 
varieties  in  cultivation. 

Var.  polydndra  has  ten  to  twenty  stamens. 

Flame-Colored  Azalea.     R.  calendulaceum,  Torr. 
This  species  differs  especially  in  the  following  items  : 

Flowers,  one  and  one  half  to  one  and  two  thirds  inches 
across,  orange,  changing  to  flame-color  ;  abundant, 
covering  the  bush  as  the  leaves  are  appearing ;  not 
fragrant,  not  sticky.  Corolla,  with  its  tube  shorter 
than  the  lobes. 

Found,  from  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia. 
It  has  many  varieties  in  cultivation. 

Fig.  84.— Rose  Bay.    Great  Laurel.     Rhododendron. 
R.  maximum,  L. 

Flowers,  very  showy,  one  to  two  inches  broad,  rose  color 
or  nearly  white,  sometimes  dotted  with  yellow,  in 
large  clusters  of  fifteen  to  twenty  blossoms  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches.  Corolla,  bell-shaped,  slightly 
irregular.  The  ten  stamens  and  the  style  rarely 
exserted.  Flower-stem,  somewhat  sticky.  July, 
August. 


if  I 


183  Fig.  84.— Great  Laurel.     (R.  maximum,  L.)    (a)  Flower. 

Fig.  85.— Rhoddra.    (R.  Canadense,  B.  S.  P.)    (l>)  Fruit. 


1 84  Heath  (Ericacece) 

Leaves,  four  to  ten  inches  long,  thick,  alternate,  mostly 
crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  edge  entire, 
dark  and  very  smooth,  and  polished  above,  below 
paler,  and  often  slightly  rusty,  the  edges  somewhat 
rolled. 

Fruit,  as  above. 

Found,  not  common  in  New  England  and  New  York ; 
very  common,  especially  along  woody  streams,  in  the 
mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  southward.  It  is 
never  found  on  limestone  formations. 

A  magnificently  flowering  evergreen  six  to  twenty 
feet  high,  with  irregular,  straggling  branches,  and  hard 
and  very  fine-grained  wood.  It  is  the  glory  of  the  woods 
and  glens  where  it  appears.  It  is  often  cultivated,  and 
easily,  if  it  is  sheltered  from  the  sun. 

Fig.  85.— Rhodora.      R.  Canade'me  (L.),  3.S.P.,  ( R.  Rhodbra,  Don). 

Flowers,  about  one  inch  in  length,  irregular,  in  terminal 
clusters  of  three  to  five  stemless  blossoms.  Corolla, 
purplish-rose,  with  scarcely  any  tube,  split  into  two 
parts,  the  back  part  with  three  lobes,  the  front  part 
of  two  nearly  or  quite  distinct  petals.  Calyx,  small, 
persistent.  The  ten  unequal  stamens  and  the  style 
the  length  of  the  corolla.  Blossoms,  appearing  before 
the  leaves.  April,  May. 

Leaves,  oblong  to  somewhat  reverse  egg-shape,  pale,  more 
or  less  downy.  Bark,  smooth  and  brown. 

Fruit,  as  above  ;  oblong  and  downy.  Seeds,  oblong  and 
winged. 

Found,  in  moist  ground  from  Canada  to  the  mountains  of 
Pennsylvania. 


Heath  (Rricacece)  185 

A  shrub  one  to  three  feet  high,  each  stem  divided 
into  several  branches  ;  these,  while  still  entirely  leafless, 
bearing  at  their  ends  showy  clusters  of  rosy  blossoms. 


I  remember  the  first  Rhodora  I  ever  saw ;  it  was 
growing  on  a  flat  bit  of  land,  close  by  the  low  bank  of 
the  Penobscot — a  bush  on  fire,  without  a  sign  of  green 
about  it. 

"  Rhodora  !  if  the  sages  ask  thee  why 
This  charm  is  wasted  on  the  earth  and  sky, 
Tell  them,  dear,  that  if  eyes  were  made  for  seeing, 
Then  beauty  is  its  own  excuse  for  being. 
Why  thou  wert  there,  O  rival  of  the  rose  ! 
I  never  thought  to  ask,  I  never  knew  ; 
But  in  my  simple  ignorance  suppose 
The  self-same  power  that  brought  me  there  brought  you." 
RALPH  WALDO  EMERSON. 

Lapland  Rose  Bay.     R.  Lappdnicum,  Wahl. 

Flowers,  violet-purple,  dotted,  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
across,  regular,  in  terminal,  leafy  clusters  of  few  blos- 
soms. Corolla,  open,  bell-shape.  Stamens,  five  to 
ten,  exserted.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  thick,  crowded,  about  one  half  an  inch 
long  and  half  as  wide,  elliptical,  alternate ;  edge 
entire  and  revolute.  Apex,  blunt,  roughened  above 
and  below  with  hollowed  rusty  scales.  Branches, 
dotted,  like  the  leaves,  with  rusty  scales. 

Found,  on  the  high  mountain  summits  of  New  England 

and  New  York,  and  northward  to  the  Arctic  coasts. 
A  thickly  spreading  evergreen  shrub  six  to  ten  inches 
in  height. 


1 86  Heath  (Ericacece) 

(9)  Genus  LEDUM,  L. 
Fig.  86.— Labrador  Tea.    L.  latifblium,  Ait. 

Flowers,  white,  small,  in  terminal  clusters  of  about  twelve 
or  more  blossoms.  Corolla,  of  five  separate  petals, 
spreading  and  reverse  egg-shape.  Calyx,  minute. 
Stamens,  five  to  seven.  Anthers,  opening  by  terminal 
pores.  Seed-case,  not  adherent  to  the  calyx.  May, 
July. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  oblong  or  narrow-oblong, 
alternate,  entire,  margins  strongly  rolled,  persistent ; 
smooth  above,  very  thickly  covered  beneath  with  a 
dense  white  or  rusty  wool. 

Fruit,  oblong,  pointed,  five-celled,  many-seeded,  splitting 
from  the  base  upward  ;  a  capsule. 

Found,  in  mountain  woods  and  cold,  damp  ground  from 
Pennsylvania  to  New  England,  westward  and  north- 
ward. 

A  shrub  one  to  three  feet  high,  easily  recognized  by 
its  woolly-lined  leaves.  The  leaves  are  very  astringent, 
and  have  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea. 


An  introduced  species  found  in  Labrador  and  north- 
westward is  L.  palustre,  L.,  with  narrower  leaves,  ten 
stamens,  and  shorter  fruit. 


Heath  (  Ericacece) 


187 


Fig.  86.— Labrador  Tea.     (L.  latifdlium,  Ait.)    (a)  Fruit. 


1 88  Heath  (Ericacece) 

(10)   Genus  CLETHRA,  Gronov. 
Fig.  87. — Sweet  Pepper-Bush.     White  Alder.     C.  alnifolia,  L. 

Flowers,  small,  white,  fragrant,  in  abundant  terminal 
upright  spikes  from  three  to  five  inches  in  length. 
Corolla  of  five  separate  reverse  egg-shaped  petals. 
Calyx,  whitish-downy,  five-parted,  persistent.  Sta- 
mens, ten,  usually  exserted  beyond  the  corolla. 
Anthers,  arrow-shape.  Style,  slender,  and  three- 
cleft  at  the  apex.  Flower-stems,  about  one  sixth  of 
an  inch  long  from  the  axil  of  a  bract  of  about  the 
same  length,  whitish-downy.  Seed-case,  not  adherent 
to  the  calyx,  but  enclosed  by  it.  July  and 
August. 

Leaves,  two  to  about  three  or  more  inches  long,  alternate, 
edge-toothed,  but  entire  toward  the  base,  strongly 
straight-veined,  mostly  smooth,  reverse  egg-shape  to 
oval  with  wedge-shaped  base.  Leaf-stem,  short  and 
downy. 

Fruit,  rounded,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  three-celled,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds,  angular.  A  capsule. 

Found,  in  swamps  and  low  grounds  from  Eastern  Canada 
to  Georgia  ;  most  abundant  near  the  coast. 

A  shrub  three  to  eight  feet  high,  often  in  large 
patches,  filling  the  air  with  its  heavy  odor.  Its  fragrance 
and  late  blooming,  as  well  as  its  showy  flower-spikes, 
make  it  deserving  of  a  place  in  the  garden.  Its  clusters 
increase  in  size  under  cultivation.  It  is  highly  prized  in 
England. 


Heath  (Rricacecz)  189 


Fig.  87.— Sweet  Pepper-Bush.     (C.  alnifolia,  L.) 


IQO  Olive  (Oleacece) 

24.    Family    OLEACECE.        (Olive    Fam.) 
Genus  CHIONANTHUS,  L.     (Fringe-Tree.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  snow"  and  "  flowers." 

Fig.  88. -Fringe-Tree.     Old  Man's  Beard.     C.  Vtrgtmca,  L. 

Flowers,  snow-white,  in  long,  loose,  drooping  clusters. 
Petals,  four,  nearly  an  inch  in  length,  very  narrow, 
barely  united  at  the  base.  Calyx,  four-parted,  very 
small,  persistent.  Stamens,  two,  very  short.  Style, 
one,  notched.  Seed-case,  free  from  the  calyx,  two- 
celled,  with  four  young  seeds  (only  a  part  ripening). 
April,  June. 


Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  three  to  six  inches  long,  edges 
entire,  smooth  ;  outline  oval  to  reverse  egg- 
shape,  very  variable.  Apex,  pointed  or  sometimes 
rounded. 


Fruit,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  oval,  pur- 
plish, one-celled,  one-  to  three-seeded  ;  a  drupe. 


Found,   along  streams  from   New  Jersey  and   Southern 
Pennsylvania,  southward. 


A  shrub  six  to  ten  feet  high,  or  often  a  low  tree ; 
common  in  cultivation  and  very  ornamental.  The  leaves 
are  supposed  to  be  useful  as  a  tonic  in  fevers. 


Olive  (Olcacecz) 


Fig.  88.— Fringe-Tree.     (C.  Virginica,  L.)    (a)  Flower-cluster.     (6)  Fruit. 


192  Olive  (Oleacece) 

Genus  LIGUSTRUM,  Tourn. 
Privet.     [Z.  vulgare,  Z.] 

Flowers,  small,  white,  close,  in  upright  pyramid-shaped 
spikes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Corolla,  four- 
lobed.  Calyx,  small,  minutely  four-toothed.  Sta- 
mens, two.  Seed-case,  not  adherent  to  the  calyx. 
May,  June. 

Leaves,  simple,  three  quarters  to  two  inches  long,  oppo- 
site, edge  entire,  lance-shape  and  oval  to  reverse 
egg-shape,  acute  or  blunt,  very  smooth,  dark  green. 

Fruit,  rounded,  in  cone-shaped  bunches,  two-celled,  two- 
to  four-seeded,  black,  bitter,  ripe  in  July  ;  a  berry. 

Found,  in  woods  and  thickets  from  New  Jersey  and  New 
York  to  Virginia  and  westward. 

A  shrub  four  to  eight  feet  high,  naturalized  from 
Europe.  It  is  cultivated  for  ornament,  and  in  the  form 
of  low  hedges. 


CLASS  FIRST— CONTINUED 

(A  ngiosperma) 


Division  III 

PETALS  MOSTLY  LACKING 

(Apdtalous) 


193 


25.   Family  LAURACEy^.     (Laurel  Fam.) 
Genus  LI'NDERA,  Thumb.      (Spice-Bush.) 

From  the  name  of  a  Swedish  botanist. 

Fig.  89.— Spice-Bush.    Fever-Bush.     Benjamin-Bush.    Wild 
Allspice.     L.  Benzoin,  Bhime. 

Flowers,  yellow,  small,  in  almost  stemless,  lateral  clusters, 
each  cluster  made  up  of  several  minor  clusters  of 
four  to  six  flowers,  with  four  early-falling  scales  at 
their  base,  appearing  before  the  leaves.  Corolla, 
lacking.  Calyx,  six-parted,  the  blossoms  generally 
of  two  forms  on  different  plants  ;  the  staminate  with 
nine  stamens  in  three  rows,  the  inner  lobed  and  with 
glands  at  their  base  ;  the  pistillate  with  fifteen  to 
eighteen  undeveloped  stamens  in  two  forms.  Style, 
one.  Seed-case,  round  and  not  adherent  to  the 
calyx.  March,  April. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long,  simple,  alternate,  entire, 
wedge-shape  to  reverse  egg-shape  and  oval,  nearly 
smooth. 

Fruit,  red,  reverse  egg-shape,  one-celled,  one-seeded  ;  a 
drupe. 

Found,  from  Ontario  and  New  England  southward  in 
damp  woods. 

An  aromatic  shrub  six  to  fifteen  feet  high.  The 
powdered  berries  have  sometimes  been  used  as  a  substitute 
for  allspice,  and  the  leaves  for  tea. 


Laurel  ( Lauracece)  195 


Fig.  89.— Spice-Bush.     (L.  Benzdin,  Blume.)     («)  Flower-clusters. 


196  Ddpkne  (Thymelceacece) 

26.   Family  THYMEL/EACEyE.     (Daphne  Fam.) 

Genus  DIRCA,  L.      (Leathervvood.) 
Fig.  90. — Leatherwood.     Moosewood.    D.  palustris,  L. 

Flowers,  light  yellow,  three  or  four  in  a  cluster  at  the 
sides  of  the  branches,  appearing-  before  the  leaves. 
Corolla,  wanting.  Calyx,  tubular,  without  spreading 
lobes,  its  edge  wavy  or  slightly  four-toothed.  Sta- 
mens, eight,  long  and  slender,  alternating  in  length. 
Style,  one,  it  and  the  stamens  exserted.  Seed-case, 
not  attached  to  the  calyx,  one-celled,  one-seeded. 
April. 

Leaves,  three  to  four  inches  long,  simple,  alternate,  entire, 
reverse  egg-shape  to  oval.  Apex,  pointed  or  blunt. 
Base,  sometimes  slightly  heart-shaped.  Leaf-stem, 
short,  and  covering  the  leaf-bud  at  its  base.  Bark, 
fibrous,  and  remarkably  tough. 

Fruit,  about  one  half  an  inch  long,  oval,  pointed,  reddish, 
one-celled,  one-seeded  ;  a  berry-like  drupe. 

Found,  in  damp  woods  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf. 

A  much  branching  shrub,  two  to  five  feet  high,  with 
white  wood,  with  bark  that  is  leather-like  in  its  toughness.- 
"It  has  so  great  strength  that  a  man  cannot  pull  apart 
so  much  as  covers  a  branch  one  half  or  one  third  of  an 
inch  in  diameter."  Millers  and  others  use  it  for  thongs, 
and  from  the  pliant  branches  baskets  are  made.  The 
Indians  used  it  for  cordage. 


Daphne  (Tkymel&acece) 


197 


Fig.  90.— Leatherwood.    (D.  paltistris,  L.) 
Fig.  91.— Shepherdia.     (S.  Canadensis,  Nutt.) 


198  Oleaster  (  Elceagnacece) 

Genus  DAPHNE,  L.     (Mezereum.) 
Mezereum.     Daphne.     [D.  mezereum,  Z.] 

This  species  differs  from  the  above  chiefly  in  the  fol- 
lowing items  : 

Calyx,  purplish-rose,  rarely  white,  with  four  spreading 
lobes.  Stamens  and  style,  if  present,  not  exserted. 

Leaves,  lance-shape. 

Found,  escaped  from  cultivation  in  Canada,  New  York, 
and  Massachusetts.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

27.   Family  EL^AGNACE^.     (Oleaster  Fam.) 

Genus  SHEPHERDIA,  Nutt.     (Shepherdia.) 

Fig.  91.— Shepherdia.     S.  Canadensis,  Nutt. 

Flowers,  very  small,  yellowish,  nearly  stemless,  of  two 
kinds  on  the  same  bush.  Corolla,  wanting.  Calyx, 
four-parted.  The  staminate  flowers  with  eight  sta- 
mens, in  lateral  clusters  ;  the  pistillate  often  solitary, 
with  one  style,  and  with  a  one-seeded  seed-case  enclosed 
by,  but  not  adherent  to,  the  calyx. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  opposite,  entire,  oblong 
or  egg-shape,  beneath  very  white-downy  and  sprinkled 
thickly  with  rusty  scales.  Branchlets,  and  flowers, 
also  marked  with  rusty  scales. 

Fruit,  size  of  a  small  pea,  round  or  oval,  yellowish-red, 
pulpy,  sweetish,  but  not  edible,  one-celled,  one-seeded, 
berry-like  ;  really  an  akene  within  the  pulpy  calyx. 

Found,  from  New  York  and  Vermont  westward  and  north- 
ward. 

A  shrub  three  to  six  feet  high,  curious  and  ornamental. 


Mistletoe  (Loranthacecz)  i99 

28.   Family  LORANTHACE^.     (Mistletoe  Fam.) 
Genus  PHORADENDRON,  Nutt.     (Am.  Mistletoe.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  thief"  and  "  tree,"  because  of  the  mistletoe's 
parasitical  growth. 

Fig.  92.— American  Mistletoe.     P.  flavescens,  Nutt. 

Flowers,  small,  whitish,  in  spikes  in  the  angles  of  the 
leaves,  of  two  kinds,  on  separate  plants.  Corolla, 
wanting.  Calyx,  usually  three-lobed.  The  staminate 
flowers  with  a  sessile  anther  at  the  base  of  each  lobe ; 
the  pistillate  with  a  seed-case  that  is  one-celled,  one- 
seeded,  and  adherent  to  the  calyx. 

Leaves,  three  quarters  to  one  and  a  third  inches  in 
length,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  reverse  egg-shape  to 
oval.  Base,  slightly  pointed  or  rounded,  stemless, 
thick,  fleshy,  with  three  strong  veins  radiating  from 
the  base.  Stem,  brittle  at  the  joints. 

Fruit,  round,  white,  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  in  spikes  and 
clusters,  one-seeded ;  pulpy,  the  pulp  very  sticky ; 
a  berry. 

Found,  from  New  Jersey  to  Southern  Indiana  and  south- 
ward, growing  firmly  on  the  branches  of  various  trees. 

A  much-branching  evergreen  parasite,  one  to  one  and 
a  half  feet  high.  Its  propagation  is  by  help  of  the  sticky 
pulp,  which  holds  the  fruit  to  the  bark  where  it  falls, 
until  the  seed  takes  root.  As  the  plant  grows  it  feeds  on 
the  juices  of  the  tree. 


In  Scandinavian  mythology  it  is  recorded  that  Balder 
(the    Scandinavian    counterpart   of   Apollo)    was   proof 


200  Sandalwood  (Santalacece) 

against  anything  whatsoever  that  had  its  source  in  either 
of  the  four  elements,  fire,  air,  earth,  or  water.  But  his 
enemy  Loke,  the  Spirit  of  Evil,  made  an  arrow  out  of 
mistletoe,  which  grows  from  none  of  these  things,  and 
with  this  arrow  Balder  was  slain. 

The  Druids  held  in  the  highest  veneration  whatever 
grew  on  the  oak  ;  especially  they  reverenced  the  mistletoe. 
When  it  was  found,  two  fat  bulls  were  sacrificed  beneath 
it,  and  a  priest,  clothed  in  white,  cut  it  down  with  a 
golden  knife. 

Traces  of  the  ancient  esteem  for  the  mistletoe  are 
still  found  in  old  English  and  German  customs,  such  as 
"kissing  under  the  mistletoe,"  and  its  various  uses  at  the 
Christmas-time.  Its  sprays  were  supposed  to  have 
magical  powers  ;  they  were  used  as  charms. 

There  is  a  tradition  that  the  cross  was  made  from  the 
wood  of  the  mistletoe,  which  up  to  that  time  was  a  large 
tree,  but  then  was  condemned  to  live  for  evermore  as  a 
parasite. 

29.   Family  SANTALACE^.      (Sandalwood  Fam.) 
Genus  PYRULARIA,  Michx.     (Oil-Nut) 

From  a  Latin  word  meaning  "  pear,"  because  of  the  shape  of  its  fruit. 

Fig-   93-— Oil-Nut.       Buffalo-Nut.       P.  piibera,  Michx. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish,  in  short,  terminal,  few-flowered 
spikes.  Corolla,  wanting.  Calyx,  five-cleft,  some- 
times of  two  kinds  on  separate  plants.  Staminate 
flowers,  with  five  stamens  opposite  the  sepals ;  pistil- 
late with  the  one  style  short  and  thick,  and  the  seed- 
case  adherent  to  the  calyx,  excepting  at  its  flat 
summit,  one-celled,  and  two-  to  four-seeded.  May. 


Figt  92.— American  Mistletoe.     (P.  flav^scens,  Nutt.) 
Fig.  93.— Oil-Nut.     (P.  pubera,  Michx.) 


202  Sweet-Gale  (  Myricacece) 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  long,  simple,  alternate,  entire, 
oblong  to  egg-shape,  very  veiny,  minutely  dotted. 

Fruit,  about  one  inch  long,  pear-shaped,  fleshy,  crowned 
with  the  remains  of  the  persistent  calyx,  one-celled, 
one-seeded  ;  drupe-like. 

Found,  from  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia. 

A  shrub  three  to  twelve  feet  high,  with  every  part, 
especially  the  fruit,  flavored  with  an  acrid  oil. 

30.    Family  MYRICACE^E.      (Sweet-Gale  Fam.) 
Genus  MYRICA,  L.      (Bayberry,  etc.) 

Flowers,  solitary,  under  a  scale-like  bract,  of  two  kinds  : 
the  staminate  in  oblong  or  cylindrical  clusters  ;  the 
pistillate  axillary,  in  egg-shape,  oval,  or  globular 
clusters.  Corolla,  lacking.  Stamens,  two  to  eight, 
somewhat  united  below.  Seed-case,  free,  with  two  to 
eight  scales  at  its  base,  and  two  thread-like  stigmas, 
one-celled,  one-seeded. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  toothed,  fragrant, 
resinous-dotted  under  the  lens. 

Fruit,  one-celled,  one-seeded,  round  to  oblong,  coated 
with  wax  or  with  resinous  grains ;  a  dry,  drupe-like 
nut. 

Fig.  94. — Bayberry.     Wax  Myrtle.     M.  cerifera,  L. 

Flowers,  the  two  kinds  mostly  on  separate  plants,  the 
staminate  clusters  oblong,  erect,  less  than  one  inch 
long,  on  the  sides  of  the  last  year's  twigs,  scattered ; 
the  pistillate  clusters  oval.  May. 


\ 


203 


Fig.  94.— Bayberry.     (M.  cerifera,  L.) 

Fig-  95-— Sweet-Gale.    (M.  Gale,  L.) 

Fig.  96.— Sweet  Fern.     M.  asplenifdlia  (L.)  Banks. 


204  Sweet-Gale  (Myricacece) 

Leaves,  one  and  one  half  to  three  inches  long,  smooth, 
and  shining  on  both  sides.  Apex,  pointed  or  blunt, 
and  tipped  with  the  end  of  the  mid-vein,  entire  or 
remotely  toothed  toward  the  apex.  Leaf-stem,  dis- 
tinct. 

Fruit,  about  one  eighth  inch  in  diameter,  round  and  nut- 
like,  greenish  at  first,  then  blackish,  and  when  ripe 
crusted  with  whitish  wax,  clustered  on  short  stems 
below  the  leaves,  usually  four  to  nine  in  a  cluster, 
sometimes  remaining  in  place  for  two  or  three  years. 

Found,  near  the  coast  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  and 
on  Lake  Erie,  oftenest  on  dry,  sandy  soil. 

A  compact,  much-branching  shrub,  two  to  eight  feet 
high,  often  growing  in  masses.  The  wax  of  the  gathered 
berries,  when  removed  by  soaking  in  boiling  water,  forms 
the  "bayberry  tallow"  of  commerce. 


"  The  production  of  myrica  wax,  or  bayberry  tallow, 
has  been  carried  on  to  a  somewhat  large  extent,  mostly 
for  the  manufacture  of  candles  and  soap.  Candles  made 
from  this  wax,  though  quite  brittle,  are  less  greasy  than 
others,  are  slightly  aromatic,  and  are  smokeless  after 
snuffing.  The  wax  is  obtained  by  boiling  the  berries  and 
then  skimming  the  water.  It  saponifies  readily  with  a 
solution  of  caustic  potash,  yielding  a  fragrant  soap.  Four 
pounds  of  berries  yield  about  one  pound  of  wax. 

Fig-  95.— Sweet-Gale.    Dutch  Myrtle.    M.  Gale,  L. 

Flowers,  the  two  kinds  mostly  on  separate  plants  ;  the 
staminate  clusters  terminal,  one  inch  or  more  in 
length,  closely  clustered  ;  the  pistillate  clusters  axil- 
lary, about  one  eighth  of  an  inch  in  length,  oval. 


Sweet-Gale  (Myricacece)  205 

Leaves,  three  quarters  to  one  and  one  half  inches  long, 
entire  for  about  two  thirds  the  length,  sharp-toothed 
toward  the  apex,  fragrant  when  crushed,  appearing 
later  than  the  flowers.  Apex,  blunt  or  slightly 
pointed.  Leaf-stem,  very  short. 

Fruit,  round,  dotted;  two-winged  by  two  thick,  egg- 
shaped  scales,  crowded  in  an  oblong  head ;  usually 
two  to  six  nuts  in  each  cluster. 

Found,  on  the  borders  of  ponds  from  Canada  and  south- 
ward in  the  mountains,  to  Carolina. 

A  branching  shrub,  three  to  five  feet  high. 

Fig.  96.— Sweet-Fern.     M.  asplenifblia  (L.),  Banks. 

Flowers,  the  two  kinds  often  on  the  same  plant,  the 
pistillate  forms  in  rounded  clusters  with  the  seed- 
cases  surrounded  by  eight  narrow,  persistent  scales. 
April,  May. 

Leaves,  one  to  six  inches  long,  narrow,  pointed,  with 
large  rounded,  lobe-like  teeth. 

Fruit,  a  small  nut,  egg-shape  or  oval,  brown,  in  clusters, 
and  clothed  with  the  lengthened  persistent  scales. 
September. 

Found,  in  dry,  poor,  ground,  often  in  large  patches,  from 
North  Carolina  northward  and  westward. 

A  shrub,  round-headed,  one  to  two  feet  high,  very 
aromatic  when  crushed.  It  is  much  used  in  some  locali- 
ties, medicinally,  for  summer  complaints  and  for  bathing 
bruises,  and  in  rheumatism. 


"The   early   colonists   of    Massachusetts,    unfamiliar 
with   the  innocent  qualities  of  the  plant,  tell  how,  in  a 


2o6  Oak  (Cupuliferce) 

journey  through  the  '  wilderness '  from  Boston  to  Con- 
cord, some  of  their  number  were  made  to  faint  by  the 
powerful  odor  of  the  abundant  sweet  fern,  growing  in 
large  patches  along  their  way." — RALPH  WALDO  EMER- 
SON in  Atlantic  Monthly  of  January,  1892. 


31.   Family  CUPULIFERCE.     (Oak  Fam.) 

Floivers,  of  two  kinds  on  the  same  plant  :  the  staminate  forms  in  long, 
slim  clusters  (or  in  the  beech,  in  rounded  clusters)  ;  the  pistillate, 
variously  arranged.  Seed-cases,  two-  to  seven-celled,  with  one  to 
two  young  seeds  in  each  cell,  but  all  disappearing  in  fruit  excep- 
ting one  cell  and  one  seed. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  toothed  or  lobed. 

Fruit,  one-celled,  one-seeded  ;  clustered  nutlets,  or  nuts,  or  acorns. 


GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

(2)  Alnus  (Alder). 
(4)  Carpinus  (Hornbeam).       (5)  Quercus  (Oak).  (6)  Castanea  (Chest 

(i)   Genus  BETULA,  Tourn.      (Birch.) 


(i)  Betula  (Birch).  (2)  Alnus  (Alder).  (3)  Corylus  (Hazel-nut). 

tnut). 


Flowers,  the  staminate  forms  in  long,  drooping,  stemless 
clusters,  golden  in  spring,  appearing  with  or  before 
the  leaves,  three  blossoms  and  two  small  bracts  to 
each  shield-like  scale  ;  the  pistillate  forms  in  oblong 
or  cylindrical  stemmed  clusters,  two  or  three  blossoms 
to  each  three-lobed  bract. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  toothed. 

Fruit,  clustered,  broadly  winged,  scale-like,  crowned  with 
the  two  stigmas  ;  a  scale-like  nutlet. 

Fig.  97.  —  Low  Birch.     JB.  piimila,  L. 

Flowers,  the  pistillate  forms  in  short,  erect  clusters; 
clusters  of  both  forms  about  one  half  to  three  quarters 
of  an  inch  long. 


Oak  (Cupultferte) 


207 


F»R.  97-— Low  Birch.     (B.  p&mila,  L.)    (a)  Fruiting  cluster. 


208  Oak  (Cupuliferce) 

Leaves,  one  half  to  one  and  one  third  inches  long,  rounded 
or  wedge-shape,  or  sometimes  egg-shape.  Bark, 
brownish. 


Fruit,  with  its  wing  mostly  narrower  than  the  rest  of  the 
nutlet. 

Found,  in  wet  ground  in  Connecticut  and  New  Jersey, 
and  westward,  and  in  the  mountains  of  New  England 
and  northward. 

A  shrub  two  to  eight  feet  high. 


Dwarf  Birch.     B.  glandulbsa,  Michx. 
Flower-dusters  and  fruit,  much  as  in  the  last. 

Leaves,  reverse  egg-shape  to  rounded,  one  half  to  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  long. 

Branches,  marked  with  resinous,  wart-like  dots. 

Found,  from  the  mountains  of  New  England  far  north- 
ward. 

A  shrub  one  to  four  feet  high. 


B.  papyri/era,  var.  minor,  Tuck.,  is  a  low  form  of  the 
"  Paper  Birch,"  six  to  nine  feet  high,  -found  in  the  higher 
parts  of  the  White  Mountains. 


Oak  (Cupuliferce)  209 

(2)  Genus  ALNUS,  Tourn.     (Alder.) 

Staminate  flowers,  in  long,  drooping  clusters  with  three 
(sometimes  six)  blossoms,  and  four  or  five  small 
bracts  to  each  shield-shaped  scale.  Pistillate  flowers, 
in  oval  or  oblong  clusters,  with  two  or  three  blossoms 
to  each  fleshy  scale.  Scales  and  bracts,  woody  in 
fruit. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  toothed. 


Fruit,  in  "  cones,"  sometimes  winged,  scale-like,  clustered. 
A  scale-like  nutlet. 


Green  Alder.     Mountain  Alder.    A.  viridis,  D.  C. 

Pistillate  clusters,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
long,  on  slender  stalk,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 
April. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long,  egg-shape  to  rounded 
and  heart-shaped. 

Fruit,  with  a  thin,  broad  wing.     August. 

Found,  along  streams  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
North  Carolina,  and  from  Western  Massachusetts 
and  New  York  westward  and  far  northward. 

A  shrub  three  to  eight  feet  high. 


210  Oak  ( Cupuliferce ) 

Fig.  98. — Smooth  Alder.     A.  serulata,  Willd. 

Flowers,  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  the  staminate 
clusters  two  to  three  inches  in  length,  forming  droop- 
ing tassels  of  purple  and  gold,  three  to  five  together 
on  short  terminal  foot-stalks  ;  the  fertile  clusters 
usually  from  the  same  point,  erect,  three  or  four 
together,  one  quarter  to  one  third  of  an  inch  long, 
but  later  enlarging  to  one  third  to  one  half  inch  long, 
and  becoming  hard  and  cone-like.  March,  April. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long,  often  crumpled  between 
the  prominent  veins,  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape. 
Base,  acute  or  rounded,  green  above  and  below, 
sharp-toothed,  sometimes  double-toothed,  mostly 
smooth,  usually  slightly  downy  on  the  veins  beneath. 

Fruit,  wingless,  egg-shape.      September. 

Found,  common  in  wet  land  from  Massachusetts  west- 
ward and  southward. 

A  shrub  six  to  fifteen  feet  high,  often  forming  thick 
clumps,  the  common  alder  southward.  The  wood,  when 
large  enough,  is  excellent  for  fuel.  The  charcoal  from  it 
is  preferred  to  any  other  in  compounding  gunpowder. 

Speckled  Alder.    Hoary  Alder.     A.  incana,  Willd. 

Flowers,  with  much  the  same  aspect  as  those  of  the 
smooth  alder. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long,  egg-shape  to  broad  oval. 
Base,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  or  sometimes 
pointed,  mostly  downy  and  hairy  beneath,  sharp- 
toothed,  sometimes  double-toothed. 


Oak  (Cupuiiferce) 


**^    ^-^' 

z/7 


Fig.  98.— Smooth  Alder.      (A.  serulata,  Willd.) 
(a)  Pistillate  clusters.      (l>)  Staminate  clusters,     (c)  "  Cones." 


212 


Oak  (  Cupu lifer ce ) 


Fruit,  wingless,  slightly  margined,  orbicular. 

Found,  in  wet  land  from  Massachusetts  westward  and 
northward. 

A  shrub  eight  to  twenty  feet  high  ;  the  common  alder 
northward. 

(3)  Genus  CORYLUS,  Tourn.     (Hazel-nut.) 

Probably  from  a  Greek  word  meaning  "helmet  "  from  the  bonnet-like  covering 
of  the  nut. 

Flowers,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  the  staminate  forms 
with  eight  stamens,  in  long,  drooping  clusters ;  the 
pistillate  form,  several  from  a  scaly  bud,  each  a 
single  adherent  seed-case  tipped  with  the  end  of  the 
calyx,  with  two  side  bractlets,  a  style,  and  two  slender 
stigmas.  April. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  toothed,  folded  lengthwise  in  the 
bud. 

Fruit,  the  size  of  a  small  marble,  oval  or  rounded  to 
oblong,  bony,  covered  with  a  large,  leafy,  downy 
wrap  with  slashed  edges,  often  in  clusters ;  a  bony 
nut. 

Fig.  99.— Wild  Hazel-nut.     C.  Americana,  Walt. 

Flowers,  the  staminate  clusters  two  to  three  inches  long, 
and  two  to  five  together.  April. 

Leaves,  three  to  six  inches  long,  rather  coarse,  rough 
above,  downy  and  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath,  out- 
line variable  from  egg-shape  to  slightly  reverse 
egg-shape.  Leaf-stem,  covered  with  glandular  hairs. 


213 


Fig.  99.— Hazel-nut.     (C.  Americana,  Walt.) 
Fig.  loo.— Beaked  Hazel-nut.    (C.  rostrata,  Ait.) 


2H  Oak  (Cupuliferce) 

Fruit,  rounded,  the  wrap  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
nut,  broad,  with  spreading  and  coarsely-toothed  edge, 
opening  down  to  the  nut.  September. 

Found,  common,  often  forming  clumps  along  the  borders 
of  fields  and  woods  from  Canada  southward. 

A  shrub  four  to  eight  feet  high.  Its  nuts  are  of 
pleasant  flavor,  but  inferior  in  quality  to  the  English 
"filberts." 

Fig.  loo.— Beaked  Hazel-nut.     C.  rostrata,  Ait. 

Flowers,  the  staminate  clusters  about  one  inch  long,  alone 
or  in  pairs.  April. 

Leaves,  much  as  in  the  preceding,  but  oftenest  smaller — 
about  three  inches  or  less  in  length. 

Fruit,  much  as  in  the  preceding,  but  with  the  wrap 
curiously  lengthened  into  a  long,  tubular  beak. 
September. 

Found,  from  Nova  Scotia  to  New  Jersey  and  westward, 
and  in  the  mountains  southward  to  Georgia. 

A  shrub  two  to  six  feet  high,  much  less  common  than 
the  preceding. 

(4)  Genus  CARPINUS,   L. 

Fig.  101. — Hornbeam.      Ironwood.      Water  Beech.      Blue 
Beech.     C  Caroliniana,  Walt. 

Flowers,  the  staminate  form  with  several  stamens  in  the 
axil  of  a  scale-like  bract,  in  drooping  clusters  an  inch, 
or  usually  less,  in  length  at  the  sides  of  the  branches ; 
the  pistillate  form  in  numerous  pairs,  spiked  in  a 
loose,  terminal  cluster,  about  two  inches  long.  April. 


Oak  (CupuUferce) 


215 


Fig.  ioi.— Hornbeam.     (C.  Caroliniana,  Walt.)    (a)  Fruit  scales. 


216  Oak  (Cupuliferce) 

Leaves,  usually  three  or  four  inches  long,  but  with  many 
smaller  leaves  of  varying  size  on  the  same  branch ; 
nearly  smooth,  slightly  hairy  on  the  straight  and 
distinct  ribs,  and  in  their  angles. 

Fruit,  in  a  loose,  drooping  cluster,  with  leaf-like,  strongly 
three-lobed  scales  ;  dark,  small,  egg-shape,  placed  in 
pairs  base  to  base  ;  clustered  nutlets.  October. 

Found,  along  streams  and  in  swamps ;  quite  common 
north,  south,  and  west ;  southward  often  as  a  tree. 

A  shrub  (or  sometimes  a  small  tree)  usually  ten  to 
twenty  feet  high,  but  in  the  southern  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains sometimes  reaching  a  height  of  fifty  feet.  Its  wood 
is  white,  very  compact,  and  strong. 

(5)  Genus  QUERCUS,  L. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish  or  yellowish,  the  staminate  form 
with  a  two-  to  eight-lobed  calyx,  and  with  three  to 
twelve  stamens,  in  slender,  drooping  clusters ;  the 
pistillate  form  with  a  seed-case  containing  three  more 
or  less  complete  cells,  and  six  young  seeds  (only  one 
of  which  develops),  and  with  a  three-lobed  stigma — 
all  in  a  scaly,  bud-like  wrap,  which  becomes  the  cup 
of  the  acorn. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate. 
Fruit,  an  acorn. 

Fig.  102.— Dwarf  Chestnut  Oak.    Scrub-Oak.    Q.  Muhlenbergii, 
Eng.  var.  hiimilis,  Britton.     (  Q.  pritioides,  Willd.). 

Leaves,  three  to  four  inches  long,  with  large,  or  sometimes 
small  wavy  teeth,  usually  four  to  eight  on  each  side, 
light  green  and  polished  above,  whitish  or  bluish, 
and  fine  downy  beneath.  Leaf-stem,  one  quarter  to 
three  quarters  of  an  inch  long. 


Oak  (Cup^ll^ferce) 


217 


Fig.    102.— Dwarf   Chestnut    Oak.      (Q.    Muhlinb6rgii,   Eng.   var.   hftmilis, 

Britton.) 
Fig.  103.— Bear  Oak.     (Q.  ilicifdlia,  Willd.) 


218  Oak  (Cupuliferce) 

Fruit,  middle  size,  abundant,  sweet,  egg-shape.  Cup, 
rounded,  with  small  scales.  September. 

Found,    from    Massachusetts   westward    and    southward ; 

not  common. 
A  shrub  seldom,  if  ever,  more  than  three  or  four  feet 

in  height ;  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  oaks. 

Fig.  103.— Bear  Oak.     Shrub  Oak.     Scrub-Oak.     Q.  ilicifblia, 

Willd. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  long,  with  three  to  seven 
(usually  five)  angular,  often  bristle-tipped  lobes, 
beneath  downy,  especially  in  the  axils  of  the  veins, 
and  very  silvery  or  grayish-white.  Leaf-stem  very 
variable  in  length. 

Fruit,  abundant,  oval  or  egg-shape,  about  one  half  inch  long, 
dark  brown,  marked  lengthwise  with  pale  lines.  Cup, 
saucer-shape  with  a  top-shaped  base.  September. 

Found,    on    barren    and   sandy   soil    from    New    England 

southward  ;  common. 
A   much  branching,   straggling   shrub  three  to  eight 

feet  high,   often  growing  in  masses;    called   "  bear  oak," 

possibly    from    the    liking    of    bears,    when    bears    were 

common,  for  the  abundant  acorns. 


FROM  NOTE-BOOK. 

February.  Bear  Oak.  The  silver-backed,  little  brown 
leaves  still  cling  thickly  to  the  crowded  and  scraggy 
branches.  Most  of  the  many  acorns  have  fallen  ;  a  few 
cups  remain  in  place. 

(6)   Genus  CASTANEA,  Tourn.      (Chestnut.) 
Fig.  104.— Dwarf  Chestnut.     Chinquapin.     C.  piimila,  Mill. 
Flowers,  yellowish-white,  appearing  later  than  the  leaves. 
Calyx,   mostly  six-lobed  ;    the  staminate  with  eight 


Oak  (Cup^ll^ferce)  '  219 


Fig.  I04.-Dwarf  Chestnut.     (C.  pfcmila,  Mill.) 


220  '  Willow  (Salicacece) 

to  twenty  stamens,  in  drooping  clusters  two  to  three 
inches  long  ;  the  pistillate,  usually  three  together, 
in  an  oval,  scaly,  prickly  wrap. 

Leaves,  three  to  five  inches  long,  sharp-toothed,  promi- 
nently straight-veined,  white-downy  beneath.  Base, 
usually  blunt. 

Fruit,  solitary,  oval,  pointed,  about  one  half  the  size  of 
the  common  chestnut,  very  sweet,  not  flattened, 
enclosed  in  a  very  prickly  wrap  about  one  and  a  half 
inches  in  diameter ;  a  prickly-covered  nut.  October. 

Found,  from  New  Jersey  and  Southern  Pennsylvania 
south  to  Florida  and  west  to  Indiana  and  Texas. 

A  spreading  shrub  (or  sometimes  a  small  tree)  six  to 
twelve  feet  high. 

32.   Family  SALICACEjfc. 
Genus  SALIX,  Tourn.      (Willow.) 

Flowers,  in  long  clusters,  one  flower  to  each  entire-edged 
bract ;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  forms  on  separate 
plants  ;  the  staminate  with  two  to  ten  (mostly  two) 
stamens ;  the  pistillate  with  style  short  or  wanting, 
and  two  short  stigmas. 

Leaves,  alternate,  usually  long,  narrow,  and  pointed. 
Fruit,  one-celled,  many-seeded ;  a  capsule. 

Fig.  105. — Long-leaved  Willow.     S.  longifblia,  Muhl. 

Leaves,  very  narrow-lanceolate,  two  to  four  inches  long, 
tapering  at  each  end,  remotely  sharp-toothed,  nearly 
stemless. 

Found,  growing  in  thick  clumps  along  the  coast  from 
Maine  to  the  Potomac  ;  not  common. 


Willow  (Salicacecz) 


221 


<^i^3  •  to-j 


Fig.  105. — Long-Leaved  Willow.     (S.  longifdlia,  Muhl.) 
Fig.  1 06.— Prairie  Willow.     (S.  hfcmilis,  Marsh.) 

(<z)  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  enlarged. 
Fig.  107.— Dwarf  Gray  Willow.     (S.  tristis,  Ait.) 

Fig.  108.— Silky  Willow.     (S.  sericea,  Marsh.) 
Fig.  109.— Long-Stalked  Green  Osier.     (S.  petiolaris,  Smith.) 


222  Willow  (Salicacece) 

A  peculiar  American  species,   about   two   feet    high, 
very  variable. 

Glaucus  Willow.     Bog  Willow.     S.  discolor,  Muhl. 

Leaves,  two  to  five  inches  long,  one  to  nearly  two  inches 
wide,  oblong  or  reverse  egg-shape,  pointed,  unevenly 
toothed,  teeth  remote  at  the  base,  becoming  finer 
and  closer,  and  disappearing  toward  the  apex.  Leaf- 
stem,  one  half  inch  or  more  in  length. 

Found,  common  in  damp  grounds  from  Canada  to  North 
Carolina ;  seven  to  fifteen  feet  high. 

Fig.  106. — Prairie  Willow.     S.  hiunilis,  Marsh. 

Leaves,  reverse  lance-shape  to  oblong,  pointed,  or  the 
lowest  ones  reverse  egg-shape  and  obtuse ;  edge 
entire  and  often  slightly  rolled  under,  or  "  crinkly," 
very  variable.  Leaf-stem,  distinct. 

Found,  common  in  dry  fields ;  three  to  eight  feet  high. 

Fig.  107.— Dwarf  Gray  Willow.     S.  trislis,  Ait. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches,  crowded,  very  narrow  reverse- 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  very  short  leaf-stem,  edge 
entire  and  slightly  wavy  and  somewhat  rolled  under. 
Apex,  pointed  or  somewhat  blunted,  under  surface 
often  downy. 

Found,  common  in  dry  ground,  one  to  one  and  a  hah 
feet  high,  downy,  with  the  leaves  often  clustered  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches. 

Fig.  1 08.— Silky  Willow.     Gray  Willow.     S.  sericea,  Marsh. 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  long,  narrow  lance-shape, 
taper-pointed,  finely  and  evenly  toothed,  drying 
black,  when  young  very  silky. 


Willow  (Salicacece)  223 

Found,  in  low,  wet  ground,  oftenest  east  of  the  Lakes ; 
six  to  eight  feet  high. 

Fig.  109.— Long-Stalked  Green  Osier.    S.  petioforis,  Smith. 

Leaves,  much  as  in  the  last,  less  liable  to  blacken  in  dry- 
ing, and  less  silky  when  young. 

Fo^tnd,  in  low  ground,  oftenest  west  of  the  Lakes. 

A  bush  four  to  fifteen  feet  high.     The  little  twigs  are 
used  in  basket-making. 

S.  argyrocarpa.    Anders. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  tapering  evenly  toward 
both  ends,  margin  wavy-toothed,  and  slightly  rolled 
back.  Leaf -stem,  short. 

Found,  in  dense  patches  in  high  mountain  ravines  of  New 
Hampshire  and  in  Lower  Canada  and  Labrador ; 
one  to  two  feet  high. 

Mountain  Willow.     S.  phylicifblia,  L. 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  long,  egg-shape  to  lance- 
shape,  remotely  and  finely  toothed,  very  smooth 
above  and  below. 

Found,  in  high  ravines  of  the  White  Mountains,  and  on 
Mount  Mansfield,  Vermont ;  one  to  ten  feet  high. 

Fig.  no.— Sage  Willow.     Hoary  Willow.     S.  cdndida,  Willd. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  or  more  in  length,  lance-shape 
or  narrow  lance-shape,  mostly  taper-pointed;  edge 
entire  or  obscurely  toothed  at  the  apex,  and  rolled 
under  ;  densely  white-downy  beneath. 


224  Willow  (Salicacece) 

Found,  in  cold,  wet  ground  from  New  Jersey  westward 
and  northward. 

A  shrub  two  to  six  feet  high,  hoary,  the  new  shoots 
white-woolly,  the  older  shoots  red. 

Fig.  in.— Heart-Leaved  Willow.     S.  cordata,  Muhl. 

Leaves,  long  lance-shape,  sharp-toothed  or  nearly  entire, 
not  blackening  in  drying.  Base,  pointed  to  heart- 
shape.  Leaf-stem,  one  third  to  one  half  inch  long. 

Found,  very  widely  distributed  in  wet  ground. 
The  most  variable  of  American  species. 

Fig.  112. — S.  balsamifera.    Barratt. 

Leaves,  with  base  broadly  rounded,  and  usually  somewhat 
heart-shaped.  Leaf-stem,  long  and  slender. 

Found,  in  wet  land  from  Maine  to  Iowa,  and  northward, 
in  clumps. 

Fig  113. — S.  myrtilldides.     L. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  long,  reverse  egg-shape  to 
oblong,  entire,  blunt  or  slightly  pointed,  margin 
rolled  under,  smooth  above  and  below. 

Found,  in  cold  swamps  in  New  Jersey,  and  from  New 
England  to  Iowa,  and  northward. 

Bear-Berry  Willow.    S.  Uva-iirsi,  Pursh. 

Leaves,  sometimes  elliptical  and  pointed,  sometimes  re- 
verse egg-shape  and  blunt ;  less  than  one  inch  long, 
slightly  toothed,  strongly  veined,  smooth  and  shining 
above. 

Found,  abundantly  over  the  high  mountain  summits  of 
Northern  New  England  and  New  York. 


225 


Fig.  no.— Sage  Willow.    (S.  Candida,  Willd.) 
Fig.  in.— Heart-Leaved  Willow.    (S.  cordata,  Muhl.) 

(a)  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  enlarged. 

Fig.  ii2.— Pear-Leaved  Willow.    (S.  balsamifera,  Barratt.) 

Fig.  113. — S.  myrtilloides,  L.     (Two  forms.) 


226          Crow -Berry  (  Rmpetracece) 

A   low   or  prostrate  shrub,   spreading  thickly  over  a 
surface  from  one  to  two  feet  in  diameter. 


Herb  Willow.     Arctic  Willow.     S.  herbacea,  L. 

Leaves,  about  one  inch  long,  nearly  round.     Base,  heart- 
shaped,  toothed,  veiny,  smooth,  and  shining. 

Found,  on   the  high  summits  of  the  mountains  of   New 
England  and  far  northward. 

The  smallest  of  its  family,  with  half  underground 
creeping  stems,  and  branches  that  seldom  rise  more  than 
one  or  two  inches  above  the  surface. 


33.   Family  EMPETRACEyE.     (Crow-Berry  Earn.) 
Genus  COREMA,  Don.     (Broom  Crow-Berry.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  broom." 

Fig.  114. — Broom  Crow-Berry.     C.  Conrddii,  Torr. 

Flowers,  sometimes  in  the  staminate  and  pistillate  forms, 
and  on  different  bushes  ;  in  terminal  heads  of  ten  to 
fifteen  blossoms,  each  blossom  in  the  axil  of  a  scaly 
bract.  Corolla,  lacking.  Stamens,  three  (rarely  four), 
long  and  purple.  Style,  slender,  mostly  three-cleft. 
Seed-case,  three-  to  four-celled,  not  adherent  to  the 
calyx.  March,  April. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  one  quarter  inch  long,  very  narrow, 
almost  line-like,  short,  crowded,  margins  entire  and 
rolled  under. 

Fruit,  round,  minute,  with  three  (sometimes  four  or  five) 
small  nutlets  ;  a  drupe. 


Crow-Berry  ( Empetracece)          227 


Fig.  114.— Broom  Crow-Berry.     (C.  Conrddii,  Torr.) 


228          Crow-Berry  (  Empetracece  ) 

Found,  in  sandy  barrens  and  in  dry,  rocky  ground, 
mostly  along  the  coast  from  New  Jersey  to  New- 
foundland, also  in  the  Shawangunk  Mountains  of 
New  York. 

A    much-branched    evergreen    heath-like    shrub,    six 
inches  to  two  feet  high. 

Genus  EMPETRUM,  Tourn.     (Black  Crow-Berry.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  upon  "  and  "  a  rock." 

Black  Crow- Berry.    E.  riigrum,  L. 

Flowers,  reddish,  inconspicuous  in  the  angles  of  the 
upper  leaves,  with  scaly  bracts.  Corolla,  lacking. 
Sepals,  three.  Stamens,  three.  Style,  one,  very 
short,  with  six  to  nine  rays.  Seed-case,  six-  to  nine- 
celled,  not  adherent  to  the  calyx.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  about  one  quarter  inch  long,  evergreen,  crowded, 
lapping  each  other  and  covering  the  branches. 

Fruit,  round,  black,  a  drupe  with  six  to  nine  seed-like 
nutlets. 

Found,  in  Mount  Desert  and  along  the  coast  of  Maine, 
in  the  high  mountains  of  New  York  and  New  Eng- 
land, and  far  northward. 

A  spreading  and  prostrate  shrub  with  a  stem  one  to 
four  feet  long. 


CLASS  SECOND 

(Gymnospfy-mte) 


229 


34.  Family  CONIFERS.     (Pine  Fam.) 

Genus  JUNIPERUS,  L.     (Juniper.) 
Fig.  115. — Common  Juniper.    /.  commiinis,  L. 

Flowers,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  forms  usually  on 
separate  plants,  in  small  clusters  or  cones  at  the 
sides  of  the  branches.  Corolla  and  calyx,  lacking. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  five  twelfths  to  three  quarters  of  an 
inch  long,  line-like,  stiff,  sharp,  grooved  and  whitened 
above,  green  and  ridged  below ;  in  clusters  (whorls) 
of  threes. 

Fruit,  bluish-black,  one  quarter  of  an  inch  or  more  in 
diameter,  with  one  to  three  bony,  wingless,  egg- 
shaped  seeds,  ripening  the  second  year  from 
flowering ;  berry-like. 

Found,  common  on  dry  land  from  New  Jersey  to  Canada 
and  Wisconsin. 

An  evergreen  shrub,  usually  low  and  flat  in  large 
beds,  with  many  spreading  or  drooping  and  rooting 
branches,  yet  sometimes  rising  six  to  eight  feet  in  pyra- 
midal form.  The  sweetish,  turpentine-flavored  berries 
are  medicinal — diuretic  and  stimulating. 

230 


Pine  (Coniferce) 


231 


Fig.  115. — Common  Juniper.    (J.  communis.  L.) 
Fig.  1 16.— American  Yew.    (T.  Canad&isis,  Willd.) 


232  Pine  (Coniferce) 

Var.  alplna,  Gaud.,  is  a  prostrate  form  with  leaves 
less  spreading,  and  but  one  sixth  to  two  sixths  of  an  inch 
in  length  ;  found  from  Maine  to  Minnesota,  and  north- 
ward. 

Prostrate  Juniper.     /.  Sabma,  L.,  var.  proaimbens,  Pursh. 

This  variety  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  the 
following  items  : 

Leaves,  mostly  opposite,  a  part  awl-shaped  and  loose,  the 
others  scale-like  and  close  to  the  branch  and  with  a 
resinous  gland  on  the  back. 

Fruit,  on  a  short,  curved  stem. 

Found,  on  rocky  banks,  borders  of  streams,  etc.,  from 
New  England  to  Northern  Minnesota,  and  north- 
ward. 

A  prostrate  or  sometimes  creeping  shrub. 
Genus  TAXUS.  •    (American  Yew.) 

From  a  Grejek  word  meaning  a  "  bow." 

Fig.  116. — American  Yew.     Dwarf  Yew.     Ground  Hemlock. 

T.  Canadensis,  Willd. 

Flowers,  at  the  sides  of  the  branches,  the  staminate  and 
pistillate  form's  usually  on  separate  plants ;  the  sta- 
minate form  small  and  rounded,  consisting  merely  of 
eight  to  ten  stamens  ;  the  pistillate,  solitary,  consist- 
ing of  an  erect  seed  with  a  ring-like  disk  which  ex- 
pands and  becomes  cup-like,  and  finally  pulpy  and 
drupe-like,  nearly  covering  the  nut-like  seed.  May. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long, 
line-like,  stiff,  sharp,  flat,  green  above  and  below, 
arranged  along  the  stem  in  two  rows. 


Shrubs  Not  Elsewhere  Named     233 

Fruit,  red,  about  the  size  of  a  pea,  slightly  hollowed  and 
open  at  the  top,  showing  the  black  seed  within  ; 
drupe-like.  August,  September. 

Found,  in  shaded  places,  especially  under  other  evergreens, 
from  New  Jersey  westward  and  northward. 

A  low,  straggling  evergreen  bush  two  to  three  feet 
high,  often  forming  broad,  flat  clumps.  Its  wcod  is 
yellowish-brown,  tough,  and  elastic.  It  was  often  used 
by  the  Indians  in  making  their  bows. 


SHRUBS    NOT    ELSEWHERE    NAMED. 

Primus  angustifolia,  Marsh. 

Primus  cuneata,  Raf. 

Spiraea  Virginiana,  Britton. 

Rubus  neglectus,  Peck. 

Rubus  Millspaughii,  Britton. 

Rhododendron  canescens  (Michx.),  Porter. 


"  We  see  here  a  perpetuall  Spring, 

A  gallant  flowering  May, 
Which  month  is  painter  of  the  world, 

As  some  great  Clerks  do  say. 
Rejoice  in  God 

Who  thus  hath  lent  the  strength, 
And  eke  inspirde  thee  with  such  grace, 

To  end  this  worke  at  length  ; 
And  doubt  not  but  herein  thou  hast 

Both  pleased  God  and  man  : 
Happie  art  thou  in  doing  this, 

Happie  when  thou  began." 

"  Thomas  Thorney,  to  his  learned  friend  and  loving  brother  in 
Art,  M.  John  Gerard." 

(Quoted  from  Gerard's  Herball,  London,  1597.) 


234 


EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS,  ETC. 


235 


EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS. 
I. 

Shrubs,  as  distinguished  from  trees,  are  those  species 
which,  as  a  rule,  do  not  spring  from  the  ground  with  a 
single  branching  trunk. 

II. 

THE    FLOWER. 

(i)  The  flower,  when  complete,  is  composed  of 
petals  Fig.  a  (i)  ;  sepals,  Fig.  a  (2)  ;  stamens,  Fig.  b  (i), 
with  filament,  Fig.  b  (2),  and  anther,  Fig.  b  (3)  ;  pistil, 
Fig.  b  (4),  with  seed-case,  Fig.  b  (5)  ;  style,  Fig.  b  (6), 
and  stigma,  Fig.  b  (7). 


—      7-  Stigma 


v  6.  Styie 

^4.  Pistil 
5.  Seed-case 
8.  Receptacle 


These  parts  are  supported  by  the  receptacle,  Fig. 
b  (8).  The  corolla  (crown)  is  the  circle  of  the  petals ; 
the  calyx  (cup)  is  the  circle  of  the  sepals. 

(2)  The  flower  is  pistillate,  when  the  pistil  is  present 
and  the  stamens  are  lacking ;  staminate,  when  the  sta- 
mens are  present  and  the  pistil  is  lacking. 

236 


Explanation  of  Terms 


237 


(3)  The   seed-case  is  free,   when    it    is  not  attached 
along   its   sides    to   the   calyx;    adherent,    when   it  is  so 
attached. 

(4)  The  flower  is  terminal,  when  it  is  at  the  end  of  a 
branch  ;    axillary,  when   it  springs  from  the  base  of  the 
leaf-stem,  i.  e.,  from  the  "axil "  of  the  leaf. 


III. 

THE    FRUIT. 

The  fruit  consists  of  the  ripened  seeds  and  their 
wraps.  For  the  different  kinds  see  the  Fruit  Guide, 
page  29. 

IV. 

THE    LEAF. 

(i)  A  leaf  is  simple,  when  it  is  of  one  piece,  Fig.  d; 
compound,  when  there  are  two  or  more  entirely  distinct 
parts,  called  leaflets  on  the  one  leaf-stem,  Fig.  c. 

A  compound  leaf  is  feather-shaped,  when  the  leaflets 
are  placed  along  the  sides  of  the  leaf-stem,  Fig.  c ;  hand- 
shaped,  when  all  the  leaflets  radiate  from  the  end  of  the 
leaf-stem,  like  fingers  from  the  palm  of  the  hand.* 

(2)  The  leaf  is  entire,  when  its  edge  is  an  even  line 
without  indentations ;  toothed,  when  it  is  set  with  an 
indefinite  number  of  sharp  or  blunt  teeth  ;  lobed,  when  the 
indentations  are  deep  and  of  a  definite  number,  Fig.  d. 

*NOTE  I. — Compound  leaves  may  be  once,  twice,  or  three  times  compound. 

NOTE  2. — The  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  can  be  distinguished  from  a  simple 
leaf  by  the  absence  of  leaf-buds  from  the  base  of  their  stems. 


238  Explanation  of  Terms 

(3)  The  leaf  is  needle-shaped,  or  line-shaped,  when  it  is 
very  narrow,  or  sometimes  scarcely  more  than  a  line,  e.  g., 
Juniper  and  Yew;  lance-shape,  when  it  is  much  longer 
than  wide,  and  gradually  tapering  to  a  point,  e.  g.,  most 
Willows  ;  inversely  lance-shape,  when  gradually  tapering 
down  instead  of  up  ;  egg-shape,  when  it  is  of  the  general 
shape  of  an  egg,  with  the  broadest  part  below  the  middle, 
but  without  regard  to  the  form  of  the  base  and  the  apex, 
Fig.  e ;  inversely  egg-shape,  when  it  is  the  shape  of  an 


egg,  but  with  the  broadest  part  above  the  middle  ;    oval, 
with  the  broadest  part  at  the  middle. 

(4)  The  leaf  at  its  apex  may  be  pointed,  taper -pointed, 
bristle-pointed  (when  it  terminates    in  a  bristle),   Fig.  d, 
blunt  or  rounded. 

(5)  The  leaf  at  its  base   may  be  squared,  rounded, 
pointed,  wedge-shape  (when  it  tapers  to  a  point  by  straight 
lines),  or  heart-shape,  Fig.  f. 

(6)  The  leaves  as  arranged  upon  the  branch  may  be 
alternate,   when  they  follow  one  another  upon  different 


Explanation  of  Terms  239 

sides  of  the  branch  ;  opposite,  when  they  are  in  pairs  and 
on  opposite  sides  of  the  branches ;  indeterminate,  when 
they  are  closely  crowded  up  and  down  the  branches,  e.  g., 
Hudsonia  and  Yew. 


V. 

(1)  Stipules  are  appendages  of  the  nature  of  a  leaf, 
but  of  various  forms,  found  in  some  plants  in  pairs  at  the 
base  of  the  leaf-stems,  e.  g.,  in  the  Rose. 

(2)  Bracts  are  small  appendages  of  the  nature  of  a 
leaf,  but  of  various  forms,  found  oftenest  in  connection 
with,  or  just  below,  the  calyx,  e.  g.,  in  Leucothoe. 

(3)  The  axil  of  a  vein  or  a  leaf  is  the  angle  formed 
with  another  vein  or  with  a  branch. 


GLOSSARY. 


Acheniumorakene  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.2g.) 

Leaflet  (distinguished  from  leaf) 

237 

Adherent       

237 

Legume  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  30)    . 

Alternate-leaved    .... 

238 

Lobed  

237 

Angiospe'rmae  (plants  whose  seeds 

Needle-shaped       .... 

238 

are  covered)       .... 

19 

Opposite-leaved     .... 

239 

Anther  

239 

Oval      

238 

Axil       

237 

Persistent  (remaining  in  place  after 

Axillary         ..... 

237 

ripening)    ..... 

Berry  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  29) 

Petal     

19 

Bract     

239 

Pistil     

236 

Bristle-pointed       .... 

238 

Pistillate        

236 

Calyx    

236 

Pollen  (the  contents  of  the  anther- 

Compound  leaf      .... 

236 

cells)           .         . 

Corolla           ..... 

236 

Pome  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  29) 

Drupe  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  29) 

Receptacle    ..... 

236 

Egg-shaped  

238 

Rounded        

23S 

Entire-edged         .... 

237 

Samara  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  29)     . 

Feather-shaped      .... 

237      Seed-case       

236 

Filament        

236      Sepal    

236 

Follicle  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  29)    . 

Shrub  (distinguished  from  tree) 

236 

Free      

237  :  Simple  leaf   

237 

Fruit     

237 

Squared          ..... 

238 

Gymnospermse  (plants  whose  seeds 

Stamen           

236 

are  naked)           .... 

24 

Staminate      

236 

Hand-shaped         .... 

237 

Stigma  

236 

Heart-shaped         .         . 

238 

Style     

236 

Indeterminate-leaved     . 

239 

Taper-pointed       .... 

238 

Inverse  egg-  or  lance-shaped 

238 

Toothed-edge        .... 

237 

Lance-shaped         .... 

238 

Twice  compound  .... 

237 

Leaflet  

237      Wedge-shaped       .... 

238 

SHRUBS  WORTHY  OF  CULTIVATION. 


Barberry 

St.-John's-worts    . 
Prickly  Ash  (for  Hedges) 
Hop  Tree      . 
Inkberry 
Burning-Bush 
Buckthorn  (for  Hedges) 
New  Jersey  Tea    . 
Bladder-Nut 
Sumachs 
Meadow-Sweet 
Steeple-Bush 
Nine-Bark     . 
Roses    .... 
Thorns  (Cratcfegus) 
Sweet-scented  Shrub 


33 
44 
47 
50 
54 
58 
62 
64 
68 
70 
86 
88 
88 
88 
104 


Hydrangea    . 
Witch-Hazel 
Angelica  Tree 
Dogwoods  (Cornels) 
Viburnums    . 
Snowberry     . 
Tartarian  Honeysuckle 
Leucothoe     . 
Groundsel  Tree 
Stagger-Bush 
Kalmias 

Rhododendrons     . 
Fringe-Tree . 
Privet    .         .         .         . 
Shepherdia    . 


I'AGE 

III 
118 
122 
126 
134 
144 
149 
149 
154 
1 68 
176 
1 80 
190 
190 
198 


INDEX  OF  SHRUBS. 


The  names  of  families  are  given  in  CAPITALS,  of  genera  in  SMALL  CAPITALS, 
of  species  and  varieties  in  "  roman  type,"  and  synonyms  in  italics.  The  names  of 
introduced  species  are  enclosed  by  brackets. 


PACK 

138 
45 
44 
47 
38 
179 
182 
1 80 
180 


154 

38 

38 

202 

182 

36 

82 

213 

214 

214 

194 

38 

38 

208 

208 

206 

206 

52 
94 
94 


/I, 

ACER  spicatum 

PACK 

66 

Arrow-wood,  Maple-leaved    . 
ASCYRUM  Crux  Andreae 

Alder,  'Black         .         .         .         . 

52 

stans 

Green          .... 

209 

Ash,  Northern  Prickly 

Hoary         .... 

2IO 

ASIMINA  triloba     . 

Mountain  . 

209 

Azalea,  Clammy   . 

Smooth       .... 

2IO 

Flame-colored  . 

Speckled    .... 

2IO 

Purple 

White         .... 

188 

Smooth     . 

Wild  

2IO 

Allspice,  Carolina 

110 

Wild       .... 

110 

B 

ALNUS  incana 

210 

serulata      . 

210 

BAccHARis  halimifolia 

viridis         .... 

209 

Barberry        .... 

AMELANCHIER  Canadensis    . 

108      BARBERRY 

var.  alnifolia 

1  10      Bay  berry       .... 

var.  oblongifblia. 

no 

Bay,  Rose      .... 

var.  oligocarpa    . 

IIO 

Sweet  .... 

spicata 

IIO 

Beach  Plum 

AMORPHA  canescens 

78 

Bear  Oak      . 

fructicosa 

78 

Beech,  Blue  .... 

ANACARDIACE^E     . 

70 

Water 

ANDROMEDA  ligustrina 
Mariana   . 

169 

168 

Benjamin-bush 
BERBERIDACE^: 

polifolia    . 
Andromeda,  Marsh 

1  66 
1  66 

BERBERIS  [vulgaris] 
BETULA  glandulusa 

Privet 

169 

papyrifera  var.  minor 

Angelica  Tree 
ANONACE^E      . 

122 

38 

pumila 
Bilberry,  Bog 

ARALIACE^;     . 
AaALiA  spinosa     . 
Arrow-wood 

122 
122 
133 

Birch,  Low   . 
Black  Alder  . 
Blackberry,  High  . 

Arrow-wood,  Downy     . 

140 

Sand  . 

243 

244 


Index  of  Shrubs 


Blackcap       .... 

PAGE 
92 

COMPOSITE 

PACK 

154 

Black  Thorn 

84      COXIFER/E        .... 

230 

Bladder-Nut,  American 

68   i   Coral-berry  

146 

Blueberry,  Common  Low 

162   '   COREMA  Conradii  . 

226 

Common  High     . 

.       163   j   CORNACE/E       .... 

124 

Dwarf         . 

162       Cornel,  Alternate-leaved 

127 

Low     . 

163                      Long-leaved 

126 

Swamp 

163                     Panicled    .... 

127 

Blue  Tangle 

159                     Round-leaved    . 

124 

BUCKTHORN   . 

6r   ;                 Silky         .... 

126 

Buckthorn,  Alder-leaved 

62       Cornel  ...... 

126 

Carolina 

62    i    C6RNUS  alternifolia 

127 

[Common] 

62                       asperifolia 

126 

Lance-leaved 

6  1                        candidissima    . 

127 

Buffalo-Nut 

200   i                    circinata  .... 

124 

Burning-Bush 

58                       paniculata 

127 

Bush  Honeysuckle 

150                      sericea     .... 

126 

Button-Bush 

152                        stolonifera 

126 

1    C6RYLUS  Americana      . 

212 

C 

rostrata  .... 

214 

Calico-Bush  .... 

!?4 

Cranberry,  Bush    .... 

134 

CALYCANTHACE.E 

1  10 

High   .... 
Tree    .... 

134 

CALYCANTHUS 
CALYCANTHUS  floridus  . 

no 
in 

CRAT^EGUS  coccinea      . 
var.  macracantha 

104 
104 

LiZ'igatus 

110                                 var.  mollis        . 

104 

nanus 
CAPRIFOLIACE/E    . 

Carolina  Allspice  . 
CARP!NUS  Carolina 

IIO 

130 

IIO 

.     214 

crus-galli 
[oxyacantha] 
parvifblia  . 
tomentosa    . 

1  06 

108 
1  08 
1  06 

Cassandra      .... 

171 

uniflora 

108 

CASSANDRA  calyculata  . 
CASTANEA  pumila 

171 

.       218 

Crow-berry,  Black 
Broom 

228 
226 

CEANOTHUS  Americanus 

64 

CROW-BERRY 

226 

ovatus 
Ceanothus,  Narrow-leaved    . 

64 
64 

CROWFOOT       .... 
CUPULIFERyE  .... 

-34 
206 

CELASTRACE^E 

58 

Currant,  Indian    .... 

146 

CEPHALANTHUS  occidentalis 

.     152 

Currant,  Wild  Black     . 

118 

Cherry,  Choke 

84 

Wild  Red 

118 

Chestnut,  Dwarf  . 
Chinquapin  .... 

.       218 
.       218 

Custard-Apple       .... 

38 

CHIONA.NTHUS  Virginica 

.     190 

D 

Chokeberry   .... 

zoo 

Choke-Cherry 

84 

Dangleberry.          .... 

159 

CISTACE.E 

42 

Daphne          

198 

CLETHRA  alnifolia 

.       188 

DAPHNE    

196 

Cockspur  Thorn    . 

106 

DAPHNE  Mezereum 

198 

COMPOSITE     . 

.       154 

Deerberry      

1  60 

Index  of  Shrubs 


245 


PAGE 

PACE 

Devil's  Walking-Stick. 

Gooseberry,  Round-leaved     . 

116 

DlERVfLLA  trifida 

122 

Swamp 

.       116 

DfRCA  palustris     . 

.            150 

Ground  Hemlock  . 

.       232 

Dockmackie 

196 

Groundsel  Tree     . 

•       154 

Dogberry       .... 

•            138 

Guelder  Rose 

.       136 

DOGWOOD 

102 

Dogwood       .... 

124 

H 

Alternate-leaved 

.          I27 

HAMAMELIDE^i      . 

.       118 

Long-leaved    . 

.          126 

Hamamelis  Virginica     . 

.       118 

Panicled 

.          I27 

Hardback      .... 

88 

Poison    . 

74 

Haw,  Black  .... 

142 

Round-leaved 

.       124 

Red     . 

104 

Silky       . 

.       126 

[Hawthorn,  English]     . 

.       108 

Dutch  Myrtle 

.       204 

Hazel-Nut,  Beaked 

214 

E 

Wild  . 

212 

HEATH      .         . 

155 

Eglantine      .... 

100 

Hemlock,  Ground  . 

.          232 

EL^AGNACEjE 

.       198 

Hercules  Club 

122 

Elder,  Common     . 

.       130 

Highwater  Shrub 

-          154 

Poison 

74 

Hobble-Bush 

•          134 

Red-berried 

.       132 

HOLLY        .... 

50 

EMPETRACE.E 

.       226 

Holly,  Mountain  . 

-             56 

EMPETRUM  nlgrum 

.          223 

HONEYSUCKLE       . 

.          130 

ERICACEAE 

.          155 

Honeysuckle-Bush 

.          150 

Eu6NYMUS  Americanus 

60 

Fly    .         .         . 

.          146 

atropurpureus  . 

.             58 

Tartarian 

-          M9 

White  Swamp   . 

•          179 

F 

Hop  Tree     . 

50 

False  Indigo 
Fern,  Sweet  .... 

.             78 
.          205 

Hornbeam    . 
Huckleberry,  Box 

214 
•          ^59 

Fever-Bush   .... 

•          194 

Common  Black 

.          156 

Fly  Bracted  .... 

.          149 

Dwarf      . 

.          158 

Honeysuckle  . 

.           146 

Squaw 

160 

Mountain 

.          148 

Hudsonia      . 

42 

Swamp   . 

.          148 

HUDS6NIA  ericoides 

44 

Fringe-Tree  .... 

.          190 

tomentosa    . 
HYDRANGEA  arborescens 

42 
in 

G 

Hydrangea,  Wild 

ill 

Gale,  Sweet  .... 
GAYLUSSACIA  brachycera 
dumosa 
frondosa    . 

204 
•          159 

.          158 
.          159 

HYPERICACE^ 
HYPERICUM  densiflorum 
Kalmianum 
prolfficum 

44 
.         46 
47 
46 

resinosa     . 

106 

I 

GINSENG  . 
Gooseberry,  Common  Wild  . 
Missouri    . 

.          124 

"4 
.       116 

I'LKX  glabra  . 
laevigata 

54 
54 

Prickly      . 

"4 

mollis  . 

52 

246 


Index  of  Shrubs 


ILEX  montana        .... 

52   '   [LIGUSTRUM  vulgare]    . 

190 

monticola       .... 

52      LINDERA  Benzoin 

194 

verticillata    .... 

52    ,    LoNlCERA  cerulea 

148 

Ilex,  Soft      

52                            ciliata  . 

146 

ILICINEyE          

50                           involucrata  . 

149 

Indian  Currant      .... 

146                            oblongifolia 

148 

Indigo  False           .... 

78                          Tartarica      . 

149 

Inkberry    •    . 

54      Loranthacese          .         .         .          . 

199 

Ironwood       .          .          .          . 

214                                                M 

Itea       

112 

ITEA  Virginica      .... 

"2   ,   MADDER    

152 

IvA  frutescens       .... 

154      MAGNOLIACE/K 

36 

Ivy,  Poison   

76      MAGNOLIA        . 

36 

T 

Magnolia,  glduca  .... 

36 

j 

Virginiana    . 

36 

June-Berry    ..... 

108      Magnolia,  Small  .          .          .          . 

36 

Juniper,  Commdn 

230 

Maple,  Mountain  .... 

66 

Prostrate 

232 

Marsh  Elder          .... 

154 

JUNI'PERUS  communis     . 

230 

May  Cherry  ..... 

108 

var.  Alplna 

232 

Meadow-Sweet       . 

86 

Sabinavar.  procumbens 

232 

MENZIESIA  glabella 

178 

globularis    . 

1/8 

K 

Mezereum     

198 

K.ALMIA  angustifolia 
glauca     .... 
lati  folia 

176 
176 

MISTLETOE      . 
Mistletoe,  American 
Afoosewood    ..... 

199 
199 
196 

Kinnikinnik            .... 

126 

Mountain  Maple  .... 

66 

MYRiCA  asplenifolia 

205 

L 

cerifera    .... 

202 

Gale 

2O4 

Labrador  Tea        .... 

186 

MYRICACE/E    .         .         .         . 

202 

Lambkill       

176 

Lapland,  Rose  Bay 

185 

N 

LAURACE^)       .... 

194 

LAUREL    

194 

NEMOPANTHES  fascicularis  . 

56 

Laurel,  Great        .... 

182 

mucronata     . 

56 

Mountain  .... 

I74 

New  Jersey  Tea    .... 

64 

Pale           .... 

176 

Nine-Bark     

88 

Sheep        .... 

I76 

o 

Swamp     .... 

36 

Lead-Plant    

78 

OAK    

206 

Leather-Leaf         .... 

171 

Oak,  Bear     

218 

Leatherwood          .... 

196 

Dwarf  Chestnut    . 

216 

LEDUM  latifolium 

1  86 

Poison  

76 

[paliistre]  .... 

1  86 

Scrub  (Q.  illicifolia)      . 

218 

LEGUMINOS/E 

78 

Scrub  (Q.  M.  var.  humilis)  . 

216 

Leucothoe      ..... 

169 

Old  Mans  Beard  . 

190 

LEUC6THOE  racemosa  . 

169 

OLEACE^i          .... 

190 

Index  of  Shrubs 


247 


OLEASTER        .... 

198       Red  Osier     

PACE 
126 

Oil-nut           

200       Red-root         

64 

OLIVE         

190      RHAMNACE^E. 

61 

Osier,  Long-stalked 

223      RHAMNUS  alnifolia 

62 

Caroliniana  . 

62 

P 

[cathartica]  . 

62 

Papaw  

38                         lanceolata     . 

f.I 

PAPAW        

38       Rhododendron      .... 

182 

Pepper-Bush,  Sweet 

188      RHODODENDRON  arborescens  .     . 

iSo 

PHORADENDRON  flavescens   . 

J99                                     calendulaceum    . 

182 

PHYSOCARPUS  opulifolius 

88 

Canadense 

184 

PINE  

230 

canescens   . 

233 

Pinxter-flower        .... 
Plum,  Beach          .... 
Canada        .... 

1  80 
82 
81 

Lapponicum 
maximum  . 

iS5 
182 

Horse          .... 

81 

nudifloruni 

1  80 

Wild  .         .         .         . 

81 

var.  polyandra 

182 

Poison  Ivy    

76 

Rhodbra      . 

184 

Oak  

76 

viscosum     . 

179 

Sumach      .... 

74 

var.  glaucum  . 

1  80 

Prickly  Ash,  Northern  . 

47 

var.  nitidum  . 

1  80 

[Privet] 
PRIMUS  Alleghaniensis 

190 

82 

Rhodora        
RHUS  aromatica     .... 

76 

Americana 

81 

Canadtfnsis  .... 

76 

angustifolius     . 

233 

copallina       .... 

73 

cuneata    .... 

233 

glabra 

70 

maritima 

82 

radicans        .... 

76 

pumila     .... 

8  1                  toxicodfadron 

76 

[spinosa]   .... 
Virginiana 

84                 typina  . 
84                 venenata       .... 

72 
74 

PTELEA  trifoliata  .... 

50                 Vernix 

74 

PULSE        

78 

RISES  Cynosbati    . 

i'4 

PYRULARIA  pubera 

200 

floridum      .... 

118 

PYRUS  arbutifolia 

IOO 

gracile          .... 

116 

'  '         var.  melanocdrpa 

I  O2 

lacustre        .... 

Il6 

nigra           .... 

102 

oxycanthoides      . 

i>4 

rotundifolium 

no 

Q 

rubrum,     var.     subglandu- 

QUERCUS  ilicif61ia 
Muhlenbergii,  Eng.,  var. 

2X8 

losum      .... 
ROCK-ROSE      . 

118 
42 

humilis,  Britton 

216 

ROSA  blanda 

98 

Carolina       .... 

98 

R 

[rubiginisa] 

IOO 

RANUNCULACE^E  . 

34 

humilis 

97 

Raspberry,  Slack 

92 

liicida 

97 

Purple-flowering 
Wild  Red    . 

90 
92 

nitida  . 
ROSACE/K 

98 

Bo 

Red  Haw      

104 

Rose  Bay 

182 

248 


Index  of  Shrubs 


Rose,  Bland  

PAGE 
98 

Scrtib  Oaks  (see  Oak)    . 

PAGR 

216 

Carolina       .... 

98 

Set-vice  Tree           .... 

108 

Low    

97 

Shad-Bush    . 

1  08 

Shining         .... 

97 

Sheep-Laurel          .... 

176 

Swamp         .... 

93 

SHEPHKRDIA  Canadensis 

198 

Wild   

98 

Shrub  Yellow-Root 

34 

ROSE  

80 

Shrubby  Trefoil  .... 

50 

Rosemary      ..... 

1  66 

[Sloe  (P.  spinosa)] 

84 

RUBIACE^E        .... 

152 

Sloe  (V.  prunifolium)     . 

142 

RUBUS  cuneifolius 

94 

Smooth  Winterberry 

54 

neglectus  .... 

233 

Snowberry    

144 

Millspaughii 

233 

Snowball       

136 

occidentalis 

92 

SOAPBERRY      .... 

66 

odoratus     .... 

90 

Spice-Bush    

194 

strigosus    .... 

92 

Spindle-  Tree          .... 

58 

villosus       .... 

94 

SPIRAEA  corymbosa 

86 

var.  frondosus 

94 

salicifolia 

86 

RUE     

47 

tomentosa 

88 

RUTACE^;         .... 

47 

Virginiana 

233 

Spircea,  Birch-leaved     . 

86 

S 

Spoonwood    ..... 

174 

Squaw  Huckleberry 

1  60 

Saint  Andrew's  Cross    . 

45 

STAFF-TREE     . 

58 

ST.-JOHN'S-WORT  . 

44 

Stag-Bush     

142 

Saint-John's-wort,  Shrubby  Kalms 

44 

Stagger-Bush         .... 

168 

Saint-Peter's-wort 

44 

STAPHYLEA  trifolia 

68 

SALICACE/E      .... 

220 

Steeple-Bush           .... 

88 

SALIX  argyrocarpa 

223 

Strawberry-Bush   .... 

60 

balsamifera 

224 

Sumach,  Dwarf     .... 

73 

Candida       .... 

223 

Mountain 

73 

cordata        .... 

224 

Smooth    .... 

70 

discolor       . 

222 

Stag-horn 

72 

herbaceae     .... 

226 

Sweet      .... 

76 

humilis         .... 

222 

Poison     .... 

74 

longifolia    .... 

220 

SUMACH    

70 

myrtilloides 

224 

Swamp  Laurel      .... 

36 

petiolaris     .... 

223 

Swamp  Pink         .... 

179 

phylicifolia 

223 

Sweet-Bay     

36 

sericea         .... 

222 

Sweet-Brier  

100 

tristis  ..... 

222 

Sweet-Fern  ..... 

205 

Uva-ursi      . 

224 

Sweet-Gale  

204 

SAMBUCUS  Canadensis  . 

130 

SWEET-GALE   .... 

202 

racemosa 

132 

Sweet-scented  Shrub 

no 

SANTALACEJE        .... 

200 

SYMPHORICARPOS  occidentalis 

144 

SANDAL-WOOD 

20O 

orbicularis 

I46 

SAPINDACE^E  .... 

66 

racemosus 

144 

SAXIFRAGACE/E      . 

III 

var.  pauciflorus  . 

144 

SAXIFRAGE       .... 

III 

vulgaris     . 

I46 

Index  of  Shrubs 


249 


T 

PAGE 

ViBtJRNUM  prunifolium 

PACK 
142 

pubescens     . 

.            140 

Tartarian  Honeysuckle 

149 

Viburnum,  Few-flowered 

.            136 

TAXUS  Canadensis 

232 

Soft     . 

140 

Tea,  Labrador       .... 

186 

New  Jersey  .... 

64 

W 

Thimbleberry        .         .         .         . 

92 

Waahoo        .... 

58 

(  Thorn,  Black  (P.  spinosa)] 

84 

Wax  Myrtle 

2O2 

Thorn,  Black  (C.  tomentosa) 
Cockspur  . 

106 
106 

Wayfaring  Tree,  American 
Willow,  Arctic      . 

•         134 
226 

Dwarf        . 

Pear           .          .          .         . 

108 
106 

Bear-Berry 
Bog 

224 
222 

Scarlet-fruited  . 

104 

Dwarf  Gray     . 

222 

White 

104 

C1} 

222 

THYMELyEACE^i     . 

196 

Gray 

222 

Toothache  Tree     .         .         .         . 

47 

Heart-leaved    . 

224 

Trefoil,  Shrubby  . 

So 

Herb 

226 

Hoary 

.          223 

V 

Long-leaved     . 

220 

VACCINIUM  Canade'nse  . 

162 

Mountain 

.          223 

Prairie 

222 

caespitosum 
var.  cuneifolium 

164 
164 

Sage 

.         223 

corymbosum 
var.  atrococum 
myrtilloides 

163 
163 
164 

Silky 
WILLOW    .... 
Winterberry 

222 
220 

52 

54 

ovalifolium 
Pennsylvanicum  . 
var.  angustifolium 
var.  nlgrum 
stamineum  . 

164 
162 
162 
162 
1  60 

Witch  Hazel 
WITCH  HAZEL 

Withe-rod  (V.  cassinoides)     . 
(V.  nudum)  . 
Wolf  Berry 

.       118 
.       118 
.       142 
.       140 
144 

uliginosum  . 

164 

vacillans 

163 

X 

VIBIJRNUM  acerifolium  . 
cassinoides  . 

138 
142 

XANTHORHIZA  apifolia  . 

•    •        34 

dentatum 

138 

XANTH^XYLUM  Americanum 

47 

lantanoides  . 

•       134 

Y 

molle  . 

140 

nudum 

.       140 

Yellow-Root,  Shrub 

34 

opulus 

•       134 

Yew,  American     . 

.       232 

paucifolium 

.       136 

Yew,  Dwarf 

.       232 

QK 
4-32 


THE  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Santa  Barbara 


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